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Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used to treat not only leukemia and immunodefiencies but also autoimmune diseases.Graft—versus—host disease (GvHD) is a common and often deadly complication of BMT.Induction of tolerance for transplantation has been a major goal of both basic and clinical transplantation immunology.As immunosuppressants can control adaptive immune responses,they are successfully used for endstage organ failure after transplantation.However,the problems of chronic rejection and the side effects of the immunosupressants used after organ transplantation remain to be overcome.