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Small RNA-mediated chromatin modifications have been widely studied in plants and S.pombe.However,direct evidence of small RNA-guided sequence-specific chromatin alterations is scarce in animals.In C.elegans,the nuclear RNAi defective(Nrde)pathway functions to transport siRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus,modulate transcription elongation,induce histone H3 lysine 9(H3K9)trimethylation,and mediate transgenerational inheritance of RNAi.