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A balance between the two phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, is crucial to manipulate cell fate in an in vitro tissue culture.Arabidopsis ESR2 (Enhancer of Shoot Regeneration 2), a member of AP2/ERF transcription factor family, exerts its transcription activation ability to promote cytokinin-independent shoot regeneration.Downstream genes directly up-regulated by ESR2 are shown to be involved in shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation, cell cycle control, and cytokinin signaling.