This paper investigates the effect of laser shock peening impacts and pulse energy on the microstructure and surface hardness of TB10 titanium alloy, the TB10 titanium alloy samples were laser shock peened with different process parameters. The results show that severe plastic deformation and a great deal of high-density dislocations are generated in the material surface layer, and dislocations proliferate, pile up, and tangle in the process. And the microstructure is considerably refined with the increase of impacts and pulse energy. When the pulse energy increased to 7J, nano-grains (30~60nm) appeared. The maximum depth of micro-pits created by single pulse can be 21.4μm. With the increase of impacts and pulse energy, the surface hardness is enhanced. When the pulse energy is 5J, and the overlap impacts increase from 1 to 4 times, the surface hardness of materials increase by 8.3%, 17.2%, 24.3% and 24.5% respectively, compared with the parent metal. In the meantime, when the overlap impact is 1 times, and the pulse energy are 5J and 7J, the surface hardness increase by 8.3% and 14.2% respectively. It is concluded that dense dislocation occurs due to the surface plastic deformation of titanium alloy, resulting in grain refin ment and enhancing the surface hardness of TB10 titanium alloy.