Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs), long-chain polysaccharides released by a variety of organisms, have gained considerable attention for their potential i
Since 2013, the emergence of an avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus has raised concern in China.Although most infections resulted in respiratory illness,
Aim: Although natural killer (NK) cells are classified as innate immune cells, recent studies demonstrate that NK cells can become long-lived memory cells a
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activation is a central event in type I interferon production in anti-virus innate immunity.However, the regulatory mechanism u
Aims: The proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 connect innate immunity to adaptive immune responses and are also involved in autoimmune and inflammator
Aim: Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effectors, and also have a role in shaping adaptive immune responses,either promoting or suppressing imm