Most studies that determined the consequences of largescale genomic mining of data from human tumors have analyzed the cell-intrinsic activities both in vitro and in vivo.Therefore,targeted therapeutic approaches have primarily been directed at the characteristics of individual tumor cells and their intrinsic mutations.For example, after more than a decade of research, we found that the amplification and mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) result in the common and oncogenic EGFRvⅢ(△EGFR) variant, a signature pathogenetic event in glioblastoma,the most common intracranial tumor.These analyses have allowed us to develop both small molecule-and antibody-based therapeutics that are currently available in clinical trials.