The giant panda is not only the symbol of the world biodiversity conservation,but also the model to address questions of the evolutionary biology,especially the adaptive evolution to the specialized bamboo diet.In this talk,I will address the population history and the adaptive evolution to the bamboo diet including the gut microbiomes and energetics of giant pandas through the advanced methodology of genetics and genomics.I will also talk about how these new findings would benefit the giant panda conservation and management.