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Purpose:It has been reported by recent studies that CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) co-stimulating pathway plays a key role in autoimmune diseases.Our aim is to detect the effect of CD40L on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO),and the signaling pathways involved in this effect.