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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS),as a maternally inherited trait that prevents the production of functional pollen,is observed in > 150 plant species,with several conserved features in common.CMS has consistently been associated with expression of mitochondrial open reading frames (ORFs) that arise from rearrangements involving nonhomologous end-joining within the mitochondrial genome.We have previously identified CMS-associated ORF220 in CMS Brassica juncea.