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不可抗力抗辩最先适用于潜在损害保证(cautio damni infecti)责任,之后,由于哲学家对不可抗力导致契约不能履行应否给予免责的讨论影响了法学家,契约必须严守规则开始松动,最后由古典法时期的拉贝奥将该抗辩引入到契约法中来。在古典法时期,该抗辩的适用场域是看管责任(custodia),即在适用看管责任的契约中,债务人只能通过证明不可抗力的存在才能免责。优士丁尼法将看管责任改造为最精细的注意义务(diligentia exactissima),同样将不可抗力抗辩局限在这个领域,不可抗力也就作为承担最精细注意义务的债务人的唯一免责抗辩事由。在现代法中,不可抗力理论仍然未脱离此窠臼。
The force majeure defense was first applied to the responsibility of cautio damni infecti, and later the jurist was influenced by the philosopher’s discussion of whether or not the contract could not be discharged due to force majeure, and the contract must be loosened by the rules and finally by the classical law period Laboe introduced the defense to the contract law. In the classical law period, the field of application of this defense was custodia, that is, the debtor could only be exempt from the proof of the existence of force majeure. Dostynafa’s transformation of custodial responsibility into the most delicate diligence (diligentia exactissima) also limits force majeure to this field, and force majeure is the only defense of the debtor who takes the finest duty of care. In modern law, the theory of force majeure remains intact.