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1.绪论在东亚历史上,北部的草原游牧民族曾建立过许多游牧国家。从公元前三世纪末的匈奴帝国到东亚近代前一个世纪的准噶尔汗国,在数千年岁月的变迁中,以草原地区的游牧民族为中心建立政权一直是游牧国家的传统。这一传统的持续性和悠久性不次于任何农耕社会。从历史上看,内陆亚洲草原地带上的游牧国家并非由同一民族建立。例如,若把范围限定在北亚,作为游牧国家的主体的是诸多民族,呈现出极大的多样性。尽管如此,在这些游牧国
1. Introduction In the history of East Asia, there were many nomadic pastoral nomads in the northern grasslands. From the Xiongnu Empire at the end of the 3rd century BC to the Junggar Khanate of the previous century in East Asia, the establishment of power centering on nomadic peoples in the grassland areas has been a tradition of nomadic nations for thousands of years. The continuity and longevity of this tradition are not inferior to any farming society. Historically, nomadic countries in the hinterland of Asia’s prairies have been established by the same ethnic group. For example, if the scope is limited to North Asia, the nation that is the subject of nomadic nations is a multitude of people and presents a great diversity. Nevertheless, in these nomadic states