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在近代殖民主义扩张的过程中,跨文化接触常常会伴随着礼物的交换,这类交换行为往往体现着深层次的社会价值观念差异乃至冲突。詹姆斯.库克在其最后一次造访夏威夷群岛的过程中,经历了多次与夏威夷人的赠礼交换。这些赠礼交换是一种象征性交换,在夏威夷社会的理解中具有权力让渡的文化符号意义,但对以库克为代表的西方人而言,它们不过是一种物权转移和权力宣示行为,与社会权力的转移无关。这一分歧源于双方因不同的历史发展条件形成的文化认同差异,反映了两个交换主体各自代表的不同社会价值判断与文化心态,体现出两者在民族文化意识方面自觉性认知的差别。库克造访夏威夷的事件,应当被理解为是一个部族社会和一个民族国家、一种社会文化意识和一种民族文化意识之间的碰撞。
In the process of the expansion of colonialism in modern times, cross-cultural contact often accompanied by the exchange of gifts, such exchange often reflects the deep differences in social values and even conflict. During his last visit to the Hawaiian Islands, James Cook experienced several exchanges of gifts with Hawaiians. The exchange of gifts is a symbolic exchange that has the cultural symbolic meaning of power transfer in the understanding of Hawaiian society. However, for Wooks, represented by Cook, they are merely acts of property transfer and power declaration , Has nothing to do with the transfer of social power. This divergence stems from the differences in cultural identities formed by the two sides due to different historical development conditions and reflects the different social values judgments and cultural attitudes respectively represented by the two exchange parties and reflects the difference in the awareness of the two between their awareness of national culture . Cook’s visit to Hawaii should be understood as a collision between a tribal society and a nation-state, a social and cultural awareness, and a sense of national culture.