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引言如何确定4S 和3d 轨道的能级高低,它们与第四周期元素原子的电子填充有何关系。至今仍然是一个没有完全解决的问题。到目前为止,国内外至少有三种不同提法:(1)E_(4S)总是低于 E_(3d);(2)E_(4S)总是高于 E_(3d);(3)有些原子的 E_(4S)高于_(3d)。由于中国内外许多文献和资料说法不同,对学者乃至教者都带来了极大的困惑。本文拟在分析几种不同论述的前提下,力求阐明自己的观点,以便澄清目前一些不妥的提法。一、关于4S 轨道能级总是低于3d 轨道能级的论述多电子原子的轨道能级与氢原子不同。它不但决定主量子数 n,还决定角量子数l_c 当 n 和 l 同时变更时,如何确定轨道的能级,早在1956年文献就有详细介绍。
INTRODUCTION How to determine the energy levels of 4S and 3d orbitals and how they relate to the electron filling of elemental atoms in the fourth cycle. It is still a problem that has not been completely solved yet. So far, there are at least three different kinds of references both at home and abroad: (1) E_ (4S) is always lower than E_ (3d); (2) E_ (4s) is always higher than E_ (3d) E_ (4S) is higher than _ (3d). Due to the fact that many documents and materials inside and outside China say differently, it has brought great confusion to scholars and even teachers. Based on the analysis of several different expositions, this article attempts to clarify my point of view so as to clarify some of the current wrongdoings. First, on the 4S orbit energy level is always lower than the 3d orbit level discussion Multi-electron atom orbital energy level and hydrogen atoms are different. It not only determines the main quantum number n, but also determines the quantum number l_c When n and l change at the same time, how to determine the orbit level, as early as 1956, there is a detailed introduction to the literature.