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中俄同为转型经济国家,但面临的人口问题却不尽相同。中国地大物博,人口众多,从20世纪70年代开始推行计划生育政策,特别是80年代初实行的“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”的独生子女政策极大地限制了人口的快速增长。人口红利曾为经济发展创造了有利条件,但近年来陆续出现的各种人口问题,成为社会各界热议的话题。超低的生育率,导致人口老龄化和劳动力短缺,男女比例失调,男多女少为未来社会协调发展埋下隐患。2015年中国为应对人口问题相应调整了实行40多年的计划生育政策,从2016年开始全面实行“一对夫妇可生育两个孩子”的政策。而俄罗斯土地广袤,但人口较少,特别是苏联解体后,俄罗斯的人口数量持续减少,死亡率高于出生率,性别结构失衡加剧,女多男少,人均预期寿命低于世界平均水平,人口老龄化现象严重。俄罗斯政府出台了多项鼓励生育政策刺激人口增长,人口问题已成为制约俄罗斯经济增长和国家安全的重要因素。本刊编辑部特邀请国内专家学者进行讨论,梳理中俄两国人口政策的演进和各自存在的人口问题,测度和分析中俄两国人口少子化和老龄化的现状,评估两国人口政策实施的绩效,借鉴日本、德国、意大利等国家应对人口老龄化问题的经验,为中俄两国人口政策的不断完善提出有益建议。
China and Russia, both countries with economies in transition, face different demographic problems. China has a vast area with a large population and a large population. Since the 1970s, the one-child policy of pushing family planning policies, especially the one-only-one-child policy implemented by the early 1980s, has greatly limited the rapid population growth. Demographic dividends have created favorable conditions for economic development. However, the various population problems that have emerged in recent years have become the hot topics of discussion in the community. The extremely low fertility rate has led to an aging population and a shortage of workforce, with a disproportion between men and women. Men and women are less likely to lay hidden dangers for coordinated social development in the future. In 2015, China adjusted the family planning policy of more than 40 years in response to the population issue and implemented the policy of “one couple can have two children” from 2016 onwards. Russia has a vast land but a small population. Especially after the Soviet Union collapsed, the population of Russia continued to decrease, the mortality rate was higher than the birth rate. The structural imbalance of gender was aggravated. There were fewer women and boys, the average life expectancy per capita was below the world average, and the population aged The phenomenon is serious. The Russian government issued a number of encouraging birth control policies to stimulate population growth. Population issues have become an important factor that restricts Russia's economic growth and national security. The editorial department of our magazine invites domestic experts and scholars to discuss the evolution of the population policy between China and Russia and their existing population problems, measure and analyze the current situation of the population democratization and aging in China and Russia, and evaluate the implementation of population policies in the two countries And draw lessons from the experiences of Japan, Germany and Italy in dealing with the problem of population aging and put forward some useful suggestions for the continuous improvement of the population policies of China and Russia.