近代以来的思想和理论对于抽象的人的独立性作出了深入探讨,给了非常有力而且令人信服的证明。但是,人并不是可以进行静态观察的抽象的社会存在物,而是在社会空间中开展行动的行动者。无论是作为个体的人还是以人的群集形式出现的组织,都是在历史的动态发展过程中开展行动的人。特别是在社会治理的领域中,处处都可以看到人的活跃的身形。然而,一旦在社会活动中去观察和认识作为行动者的人,就会发现,每一项行动都是受到各种因素制约的,以至于人丧失了独立性。在迄今为止的人类历史中,如果说存在着人的理想与现实相冲突的问题,根本原因就在于人从来也未真正地获得独立性。合作治理将是建立在人的独立性得以实现的前提下的,而且,合作治理也将会把对人的独立性的维护放在优先位置上。 Since modern times, the thought and theory have deeply discussed the independence of abstract people, and have given a very powerful and convincing proof. However, people are not abstract social objects that can be statically observed, but rather actors acting in social space. Organizations, both as individuals and as human groups, are people who act in the dynamic development of history. Especially in the field of social governance, people can see the active figure everywhere. However, once you observe and recognize as an actor in social activities, you will find that every action is constrained by various factors so that people lose their independence. In human history to date, if there is a conflict between man’s ideal and reality, the fundamental reason is that man has never really gained independence. Cooperative governance will be based on the realization of human independence, and cooperative governance will give priority to the maintenance of human independence.