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Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO） member states gathered in Bishkek in mid-September， declaring their shared mission to boost cooperation in economic and security cooperation in the region. The SCO， which groups together China， Kazakhstan， Kyrgyzstan， Russia， Tajikistan and Uzbekistan， is an inter-governmental organization founded in Shanghai on June 15， 2001. It also includes Afghanistan， India， Iran， Mongolia and Pakistan as observers， and Belarus， Sri Lanka and Turkey as dialogue partners. The next SCO summit will be held in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe in 2014.
At the summit， SCO leaders approved a framework to implement the Treaty on Long-Term Good-Neighborliness， Friendship and Cooperation. The framework is essentially important for SCO’s healthy development， for it will guide its members to promote mutual political trust and conduct in-depth pragmatic cooperation.
Stressing solidarity
SCO leaders pledged to jointly cope with global challenges and ensure sustainable socioeconomic development in the region. They asserted that amid the rapid reshaping of the international arena， which has implications for world politics， the economy and security， maintaining solidarity is a top priority. Moreover， they promised to fight international terrorism， separatism， extremism， transnational organized crime and other illicit activities， calling for concerted efforts to improve the legal basis for cooperation in these areas.
Sun Zhuangzhi， an expert on Eurasian studies with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences （CASS）， pointed out that this year’s summit was very important for China and the SCO， as this was the first SCO summit held since China’s latest transition of power. During the summit， President Xi Jinping stated China’s stance on regional and international issues， stressing China’s active and practical attitude toward this bloc， said Sun.
Xi said SCO members should carry forward the Shanghai Spirit， which features mutual trust， mutual benefits， equality， consultation， respect for cultural diversity and pursuit of common development， and stressed that SCO countries should support each other on issues related to sovereignty， security， territorial integrity， political systems， social stability， and development models.
On practical cooperation， the Chinese president called on all members to carry forward the Silk Road Spirit. He suggested establishing an international road transportation system within the SCO so as to build transport corridors connecting the Baltic Sea and the Pacific Ocean， and linking Central Asia with the Indian Ocean and the Gulf. The SCO countries should also explore a trade and investment facilitation agreement， promote economic and financial cooperation， establish an SCO development bank and energy club， and put in place a cooperation mechanism for food security， he added. “The summit helps increase Central Asian countries’ confidence， while obtaining regional peace and economic growth，” said Sun， adding that agreements and cooperation documents signed during the summit have promoted mutual trust among SCO members. Sun explained that the regional situation is very complicated at the moment. Central Asian countries now are at a key period of maintaining stability and realizing growth. Moreover， the world is still in the process of economic recovery. The Middle East is once again flaring up due to tensions in Syria and Egypt， he said， adding that the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan is going to create uncertainties in the neighborhood.
Covering 60 percent of the Eurasian continent and owning 25 percent of the world population， the SCO has made enormous contributions in the region. Sun concluded that the SCO has established a system which not only promotes practical cooperation in trade among SCO members， but also plays an important role in protecting regional peace and stability through collective actions like anti-terror military drills. Besides， Sun added， the SCO has made great diplomatic achievements in participating in international affairs and solving regional issues.
Overcoming boundaries
Considering the big economic gaps between SCO members， Sun believed that the SCO will soon serve as a mechanism and platform to promote regional economic ties， but does not intend to be fashioned after the European Union. But it will play a comprehensive and significant role in different fields， such as security， economy and culture， to boost multilateral communication and cooperation.
The pragmatic cooperation among SCO members is currently on a fast track， with heavy emphasis on economic and securityrelated issues. In the past decade， the SCO has made remarkable achievements in fostering regional economic ties. With a growing trade volume and new initiatives in the works， member states also witnessed the creation of the Entrepreneurs Committee and the Inter-Bank Association as well as a batch of infrastructure projects in energy， traffic and telecom fields.
Zhang Ning， another CASS researcher， said that with infrastructural facilities such as transportation， power grids and pipelines being completed with concerted efforts in the bloc， member states’ foundation of collective efforts is becoming more solid， providing a growing number of bigger opportunities for future cooperation， said Zhang. Zhang pointed out that SCO members are all faced with the common bottleneck of slowing economic growth and increasing inflation and unemployment pressures. “Jointly maintaining stability of the macro economy， ensuring steady improvement of livelihoods and decreasing the impact of external risks have been current challenges of the SCO’s regional economic cooperation. SCO members should strengthen cooperation in financial and investment areas to manage future risks，” Zhang suggested.
Chinese President Xi proposed boosting economic cooperation to build the Silk Road economic belt， which was welcomed by other SCO leaders during the summit. Li Wei， a researcher with Chinese Institutes of Contemporary International Relations， believed that creating a safe and stable security environment is the precondition of realizing common regional growth and prosperity. At the same time， economic expansion and social prosperity will also help address the root of security problems， said Li.
Zhang Xinfeng， Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO’s Regional AntiTerrorism Agency， said that the “three evil forces” （of terrorism， separatism and extremism） tend to propagate religious extremism and recruit more followers via the Internet and are highly interconnected with drug trafficking， weapons smuggling and organized crime. He said that the organization will strengthen its ability in processing information and coordinating cybersecurity agencies of member states to fight against these enemies.
Li pointed out that the new security threat facing the region is a combination of the “three evil forces” and drug trafficking. These forces now tend to manufacture， traffic and sell drugs from Afghanistan in order to obtain money to support their terrorist activities， said Li， proposing that SCO members strengthen cooperation in intelligence and law enforcement to deal with these illicit activities to protect regional security.
At the summit， SCO leaders approved a framework to implement the Treaty on Long-Term Good-Neighborliness， Friendship and Cooperation. The framework is essentially important for SCO’s healthy development， for it will guide its members to promote mutual political trust and conduct in-depth pragmatic cooperation.
Stressing solidarity
SCO leaders pledged to jointly cope with global challenges and ensure sustainable socioeconomic development in the region. They asserted that amid the rapid reshaping of the international arena， which has implications for world politics， the economy and security， maintaining solidarity is a top priority. Moreover， they promised to fight international terrorism， separatism， extremism， transnational organized crime and other illicit activities， calling for concerted efforts to improve the legal basis for cooperation in these areas.
Sun Zhuangzhi， an expert on Eurasian studies with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences （CASS）， pointed out that this year’s summit was very important for China and the SCO， as this was the first SCO summit held since China’s latest transition of power. During the summit， President Xi Jinping stated China’s stance on regional and international issues， stressing China’s active and practical attitude toward this bloc， said Sun.
Xi said SCO members should carry forward the Shanghai Spirit， which features mutual trust， mutual benefits， equality， consultation， respect for cultural diversity and pursuit of common development， and stressed that SCO countries should support each other on issues related to sovereignty， security， territorial integrity， political systems， social stability， and development models.
On practical cooperation， the Chinese president called on all members to carry forward the Silk Road Spirit. He suggested establishing an international road transportation system within the SCO so as to build transport corridors connecting the Baltic Sea and the Pacific Ocean， and linking Central Asia with the Indian Ocean and the Gulf. The SCO countries should also explore a trade and investment facilitation agreement， promote economic and financial cooperation， establish an SCO development bank and energy club， and put in place a cooperation mechanism for food security， he added. “The summit helps increase Central Asian countries’ confidence， while obtaining regional peace and economic growth，” said Sun， adding that agreements and cooperation documents signed during the summit have promoted mutual trust among SCO members. Sun explained that the regional situation is very complicated at the moment. Central Asian countries now are at a key period of maintaining stability and realizing growth. Moreover， the world is still in the process of economic recovery. The Middle East is once again flaring up due to tensions in Syria and Egypt， he said， adding that the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan is going to create uncertainties in the neighborhood.
Covering 60 percent of the Eurasian continent and owning 25 percent of the world population， the SCO has made enormous contributions in the region. Sun concluded that the SCO has established a system which not only promotes practical cooperation in trade among SCO members， but also plays an important role in protecting regional peace and stability through collective actions like anti-terror military drills. Besides， Sun added， the SCO has made great diplomatic achievements in participating in international affairs and solving regional issues.
Overcoming boundaries
Considering the big economic gaps between SCO members， Sun believed that the SCO will soon serve as a mechanism and platform to promote regional economic ties， but does not intend to be fashioned after the European Union. But it will play a comprehensive and significant role in different fields， such as security， economy and culture， to boost multilateral communication and cooperation.
The pragmatic cooperation among SCO members is currently on a fast track， with heavy emphasis on economic and securityrelated issues. In the past decade， the SCO has made remarkable achievements in fostering regional economic ties. With a growing trade volume and new initiatives in the works， member states also witnessed the creation of the Entrepreneurs Committee and the Inter-Bank Association as well as a batch of infrastructure projects in energy， traffic and telecom fields.
Zhang Ning， another CASS researcher， said that with infrastructural facilities such as transportation， power grids and pipelines being completed with concerted efforts in the bloc， member states’ foundation of collective efforts is becoming more solid， providing a growing number of bigger opportunities for future cooperation， said Zhang. Zhang pointed out that SCO members are all faced with the common bottleneck of slowing economic growth and increasing inflation and unemployment pressures. “Jointly maintaining stability of the macro economy， ensuring steady improvement of livelihoods and decreasing the impact of external risks have been current challenges of the SCO’s regional economic cooperation. SCO members should strengthen cooperation in financial and investment areas to manage future risks，” Zhang suggested.
Chinese President Xi proposed boosting economic cooperation to build the Silk Road economic belt， which was welcomed by other SCO leaders during the summit. Li Wei， a researcher with Chinese Institutes of Contemporary International Relations， believed that creating a safe and stable security environment is the precondition of realizing common regional growth and prosperity. At the same time， economic expansion and social prosperity will also help address the root of security problems， said Li.
Zhang Xinfeng， Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO’s Regional AntiTerrorism Agency， said that the “three evil forces” （of terrorism， separatism and extremism） tend to propagate religious extremism and recruit more followers via the Internet and are highly interconnected with drug trafficking， weapons smuggling and organized crime. He said that the organization will strengthen its ability in processing information and coordinating cybersecurity agencies of member states to fight against these enemies.
Li pointed out that the new security threat facing the region is a combination of the “three evil forces” and drug trafficking. These forces now tend to manufacture， traffic and sell drugs from Afghanistan in order to obtain money to support their terrorist activities， said Li， proposing that SCO members strengthen cooperation in intelligence and law enforcement to deal with these illicit activities to protect regional security.