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环糊精是一类由D-吡喃型葡萄糖单体以α-1,4-糖苷键相互连接而成的环状低聚糖。这种环状的低聚糖形成了一种内穴疏水、外缘亲水的特殊结构。因此,环糊精能够和脂溶性药物分子形成包合物,从而可以增加脂溶性药物分子的水溶性和稳定性。同时,这些低聚糖自身无毒性,亦没有明显的药理活性。这些使得环糊精被广泛应用于食品、化妆品和药品当中。作为一种新型的药物赋形剂,环糊精广泛应用于口服、静脉注射和鼻下给药等多种药物剂型,目前在市场上至少有35种环糊精相关的药品,相信在不久的将来,环糊精在药学领域会得到越来越广泛的应用。本文综述了环糊精类的结构特点、包合性能、药物代谢、毒理学性质和目前在药学领域的应用。
Cyclodextrins are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides made from D-glucopyranose monomers linked to each other by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. This ring-shaped oligosaccharides form a special structure with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior. Thus, cyclodextrins are able to form inclusion complexes with lipid-soluble drug molecules, thereby increasing the water solubility and stability of the fat-soluble drug molecules. At the same time, these oligosaccharides are not toxic themselves and have no obvious pharmacological activity. These make cyclodextrins widely used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. As a new type of pharmaceutical excipient, cyclodextrins are widely used in many pharmaceutical dosage forms such as oral, intravenous and nasal administration. At present, there are at least 35 cyclodextrin related drugs in the market, and it is believed that in the near future In the future, cyclodextrins will be more widely used in the field of pharmacy. This review summarizes the structural features, inclusion properties, drug metabolism, toxicological properties of cyclodextrins and their current applications in pharmacy.