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一、促使苏联剧变的因素是一个交互作用的复杂系统在看待苏联剧变的原因和教训上,特别是在对其中根本的、有决定性、关键性因素的看法上,确实有深刻的分歧。本来促使苏联剧变的各种因素是一个交互作用的复杂系统,在强调某种因素的作用时,自然不能脱离整个系统孤立地谈。一些文章和著作突出强调的是:个别领导人的背叛、马克思主义被背弃、西方的“和平演变”政策等。这些当然是导致苏联剧变和解体的原因,而且是重要原因。但它们在剧变中起了什么作用呢?
First, the factor that contributed to the drastic changes in the Soviet Union was the complex system of interactions that profoundly disagreed with the reasons and lessons learned about the drastic changes in the Soviet Union, especially regarding the fundamental, decisive and crucial elements of the Soviet Union. The various factors that had originally contributed to the drastic changes in the Soviet Union were a complex system of interactions. When emphasizing the role of certain factors, it was naturally impossible to talk in isolation from the entire system. Some articles and writings have highlighted: the betrayal of individual leaders, the abandonment of Marxism and the “peaceful evolution” of the West. These are, of course, the reasons that led to the catastrophic and disintegration of the Soviet Union, but also an important one. But what role do they play in the upheaval?