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低温燃料电池是理想的移动式电源,它所采用的电催化剂主要为Pt基贵金属纳米催化剂。提高纳米催化剂在电池内部环境中的稳定性、抑制其活性衰减,对于延长低温燃料电池的使用寿命和节约成本具有十分重要的意义。本文从三个方面综述了近年来在低温燃料电池纳米催化剂稳定化方面的研究进展。首先,通过载体效应实现催化剂的稳定化,包括碳载体的石墨化、碳载体的掺杂、表面功能化及其他载体的采用等。其次,通过空间效应实现催化剂的稳定化,包括催化剂粒子表面覆盖、催化剂粒子微孔嵌入、催化剂表面杂多酸单层自组装及聚合物电解质空间阻隔等。再其次,通过协同效应实现催化剂的稳定化,包括提升金属粒子的氧化电位、强化组分间的相互作用等。最后,对低温燃料电池纳米催化剂稳定化的发展前景进行了展望。
Low-temperature fuel cell is the ideal mobile power supply, which uses electrocatalysts mainly Pt-based precious metal nano-catalyst. It is very important to improve the stability of nano-catalyst in the battery’s internal environment and restrain its activity decay, which can prolong the service life of the low-temperature fuel cell and save the cost. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the stabilization of nanocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells from three aspects. First of all, the catalyst is stabilized by a carrier effect, including graphitization of a carbon support, doping of a carbon support, surface functionalization, adoption of other supports, and the like. Secondly, the stabilization of the catalyst is achieved through the space effect, including the surface coverage of the catalyst particles, the micropore insertion of the catalyst particles, the monolayer self-assembly of the heteropoly acid on the catalyst surface and the space blockage of the polymer electrolyte. Second, stabilizing the catalyst through the synergistic effect includes increasing the oxidation potential of the metal particles and enhancing the interaction between the components. Finally, the prospects for the development of the stabilization of nanocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells are prospected.