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Director of Institute of Zoology， China Academy of Science
Academician of China Academy of Science
President of China Entomological Society
Time flies， summer comes to us again with the cycling seasons. Urban citizens， staying in air-conditioned rooms， seem to forget the changes of seasons. However， in rural areas， the field is a totally different world. Like a hardworking gardener， summer provides plants with endless sunshine and nutrients. In summer， sky is blue， with no trace of clouds. The sun burns the earth， offering plants energy to grow. Looking ahead， everything lush， everything vibrant.
Summer is a season full of happiness and vitality. From ancient to modern times， countless literaties have made detailed depiction on this diverse summer world of insects. Consequently there are famous poetry sentences like： “Lingering， lingering the dancing butterflies； unstrained， unstrained the singing orioles.” “Early as it is， the dragonfly has been standing on the new lotus bud.” “Lovely are the butterflies flying among flowers； elegantly are dragon flies dipping the water.” “The song of cicadas spread with the accent of vibrant trees.” With these beautiful words， we can not only appreciate insects in summer， but can also imagine and enjoy the beauty within insects and scientific mysteries hidden behind them.
Summer， when flowers bloom on earth with fragrant everywhere， like girls wearing colorful dresses， butterflies fly among green leaves. Scientists have found that the formation of butterflies' wings pattern is closely related to changes in the expression of a gene of cortex； these different pattern colors ultimately originate from the regulation of some typical genes， which will help them avoid predators. Coming to the lake， the water is sparkling， on which fly arrest dragonflies， spreading their offspring. Dragonflies are commonly with big eyes and good vision， which is due to its distinctive number of genes able to distinguish between colors， so that it can use different visual genes depending on the light conditions. This discovery will help scientists develop photosensors suitable for different light environments.
The sun burning in the sky， the birds have hidden somewhere， leaving no traces. The Grasshopper are as countless as grasses， making faint noises in the grass and reeds. Do not underestimate these small locusts. Scientists have found that locust genome is many times larger than the human’s， and is the class with the largest genome among all the animals. This may be closely related to the locust disaster， migration and clustering behavior. At the same time， scientists have predicted many possible drug target genes based on the locust genomic， providing important implications for revealing the sustainability of locust control strategies and developing new control methods. In the jungle， cicadas restlessly make loud noises in the branches， solo when listening from nearby while chorus from far away places， which is a love declaration between the male and female individuals. In the summer night， fireflies come and go leisurely， seeming like tasting the serenity of this moment. Biological fluorescein produced by them will become an important marking material of biomedical research. Of course， there are many pests in summer as well. In our daily life， the most disturbing ones should be the mosquitoes and flies. Mosquito bites， not only bring us physical discomfort， but can also spread many viruses， resulting in about 1.5 million deaths every year. Scientists have made whole-genome sequencing of Anopheles gambiae with strongest pathogenicity and its 15 related species to understand the mechanism of its carry germs. The result showed that there are extremely large number of genetic variation related to disease spreading among genes of different anopheles， and different species can even make exchange of genes， which can increase and expand the pathogenicity of these creatures. Those "buzzing" barking flies are also annoying but influential pests. When feeding flies will eat into those bacteria against themselves with rapid reproductive capacity. In this case， the fly's immune system will produce two kinds of globulins， namely， BF64 and BD2 to destroy bacteria. Biomedical scientists are also considering extracting BF64 and BD2 for the prevention and treatment of human bacterial infections.
Indeed， summer insects are of diverse types but infinite mystery， making people can not help but to appreciate them. In addition， they inspire people to know and understand them from different aspects to meet the challenges facing humanity. We humans should not only cherish these elves of nature， but also need to develop new modes of sustainable using or prevention of insects to protect our colorful world of human existence！
Academician of China Academy of Science
President of China Entomological Society
Time flies， summer comes to us again with the cycling seasons. Urban citizens， staying in air-conditioned rooms， seem to forget the changes of seasons. However， in rural areas， the field is a totally different world. Like a hardworking gardener， summer provides plants with endless sunshine and nutrients. In summer， sky is blue， with no trace of clouds. The sun burns the earth， offering plants energy to grow. Looking ahead， everything lush， everything vibrant.
Summer is a season full of happiness and vitality. From ancient to modern times， countless literaties have made detailed depiction on this diverse summer world of insects. Consequently there are famous poetry sentences like： “Lingering， lingering the dancing butterflies； unstrained， unstrained the singing orioles.” “Early as it is， the dragonfly has been standing on the new lotus bud.” “Lovely are the butterflies flying among flowers； elegantly are dragon flies dipping the water.” “The song of cicadas spread with the accent of vibrant trees.” With these beautiful words， we can not only appreciate insects in summer， but can also imagine and enjoy the beauty within insects and scientific mysteries hidden behind them.
Summer， when flowers bloom on earth with fragrant everywhere， like girls wearing colorful dresses， butterflies fly among green leaves. Scientists have found that the formation of butterflies' wings pattern is closely related to changes in the expression of a gene of cortex； these different pattern colors ultimately originate from the regulation of some typical genes， which will help them avoid predators. Coming to the lake， the water is sparkling， on which fly arrest dragonflies， spreading their offspring. Dragonflies are commonly with big eyes and good vision， which is due to its distinctive number of genes able to distinguish between colors， so that it can use different visual genes depending on the light conditions. This discovery will help scientists develop photosensors suitable for different light environments.
The sun burning in the sky， the birds have hidden somewhere， leaving no traces. The Grasshopper are as countless as grasses， making faint noises in the grass and reeds. Do not underestimate these small locusts. Scientists have found that locust genome is many times larger than the human’s， and is the class with the largest genome among all the animals. This may be closely related to the locust disaster， migration and clustering behavior. At the same time， scientists have predicted many possible drug target genes based on the locust genomic， providing important implications for revealing the sustainability of locust control strategies and developing new control methods. In the jungle， cicadas restlessly make loud noises in the branches， solo when listening from nearby while chorus from far away places， which is a love declaration between the male and female individuals. In the summer night， fireflies come and go leisurely， seeming like tasting the serenity of this moment. Biological fluorescein produced by them will become an important marking material of biomedical research. Of course， there are many pests in summer as well. In our daily life， the most disturbing ones should be the mosquitoes and flies. Mosquito bites， not only bring us physical discomfort， but can also spread many viruses， resulting in about 1.5 million deaths every year. Scientists have made whole-genome sequencing of Anopheles gambiae with strongest pathogenicity and its 15 related species to understand the mechanism of its carry germs. The result showed that there are extremely large number of genetic variation related to disease spreading among genes of different anopheles， and different species can even make exchange of genes， which can increase and expand the pathogenicity of these creatures. Those "buzzing" barking flies are also annoying but influential pests. When feeding flies will eat into those bacteria against themselves with rapid reproductive capacity. In this case， the fly's immune system will produce two kinds of globulins， namely， BF64 and BD2 to destroy bacteria. Biomedical scientists are also considering extracting BF64 and BD2 for the prevention and treatment of human bacterial infections.
Indeed， summer insects are of diverse types but infinite mystery， making people can not help but to appreciate them. In addition， they inspire people to know and understand them from different aspects to meet the challenges facing humanity. We humans should not only cherish these elves of nature， but also need to develop new modes of sustainable using or prevention of insects to protect our colorful world of human existence！