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This paper presents a comprehensive review of historical theory development and current construction practice of pavement engineering in China. Mechanical models, design guides, construction techniques, evaluation methods and maintenance standards are elaborated for Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements and asphalt concrete (AC) pavements. Differences in design methodology among pavements of rural highways, urban roads and airport fields are discussed based on service requirements.Lessons and experiences based on the past 20 years construction practice and pavement performance are summarized. Current research areas in pavement engineering associated with unconventional geological and/or landscaping in Chinas highway construction and national strategic plan for pavement engineering are also covered.