论文部分内容阅读
信息技术的生产和应用在发达国家内已完好建立并正在飞速增长。新兴工业化国家正把信息技术的生产和应用作为国家目标。发展中国家正在开始制定同样的计划。对信息技术国际间扩散中机构的作用现在没有认识清楚,但从革新的意义上说,机构的作用至关重要。本文提出四个观点。第一,传统的、不甚有活力的思维革新方式——源于Schumpeter和Hicks的经济观——已被有关经济史和革新的社会交流等方面的研究表明,它不足以来解释革新变化的原动力,忽视了对机构不同作用的认识。第二,在主张需要机构介入的人们当中,一直存在争论,即革新是归根于“供应推动”还是“需求拉牵”。对此问题的回答有重要的组织含义。许多证据(大多数是来自经济发展史)表明这两者反复出现,因此机构从这两方面都可以施加有效的影响。第三,机构介入有两种主要形式:施加影响和进行调控。机构可能的介入行为可以用一个2×2矩阵概括,其中矩阵的一维是供应推动和需求拉牵,另一维是影响和调控。最后,如果政府要介入,有六种可能影响革新的因素。
The production and application of information technology have been well established and are growing rapidly in developed countries. The newly industrialized countries are making the production and application of information technology a national goal. Developing countries are starting to make the same plans. The role of agencies in the proliferation of international information technology is now not clearly understood, but in the sense of innovation, the role of the agency is crucial. This article proposes four points. First, the traditional, less dynamic ways of thinking innovation — stemming from the economic outlook of Schumpeter and Hicks — have been shown by research on economic history and innovative social interactions. Ignoring the understanding of the different roles of institutions. Second, among the people who advocate the need for institutional intervention, there has always been controversy, that is, whether innovation is rooted in “supply promotion” or “demand pull.” The answer to this question has important organizational implications. Many evidences (mostly from the history of economic development) indicate that these two are recurring, so the agency can exert effective influence from both aspects. Third, institutional intervention has two main forms: exerting influence and regulating. The possible interventions of institutions can be summarized in a 2×2 matrix, where one dimension of the matrix is supply promotion and demand pull, and the other dimension is influence and regulation. Finally, if the government wants to intervene, there are six factors that may affect innovation.