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微小RNA(miRNA)是含有19~22个核苷酸序列的短链非编码RNA,调控内源性基因的转录后表达。随着miRNA在生殖领域不断被发现,miRNA作为女性生殖系统的重要调控因子越来越受到关注。miRNA通过调节靶基因的转录后水平,调控卵巢颗粒细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡并参与控制类固醇激素的分泌。卵巢功能异常,如多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)和卵巢早衰(POF)均会发生miRNA调控异常。除此之外,miRNA还通过调节目标基因的表达决定胚胎的整倍体性及胚胎发育的命运。miRNA对于维持子宫内膜容受性非常重要,miRNA的异常表达会导致子宫内膜种植窗的偏移,从而导致胚胎种植失败。对miRNA在生殖调节中作用的了解,有助于发现新的预测体外受精成功率的生物指标和靶向治疗的位点,进一步提高辅助生殖的有效性和安全性。
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short-chain, non-coding RNAs containing 19 to 22 nucleotide sequences that regulate the post-transcriptional expression of endogenous genes. As miRNAs are constantly found in the reproductive field, miRNAs are gaining more and more attention as important regulators of the female reproductive system. miRNA regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells by regulating the post-transcriptional level of the target gene and participates in the control of steroid hormone secretion. Ovarian dysfunction, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure (POF) miRNA regulatory abnormalities occur. In addition, miRNAs regulate the ploidy of embryos and the fate of embryonic development by regulating the expression of target genes. MiRNAs are important for maintaining endometrial receptivity. Aberrant expression of miRNAs leads to migration of the endometrial implantation window, resulting in embryo implantation failure. The understanding of the role of miRNAs in reproductive regulation helps to discover new biomarkers and targets for predicting IVF success rates and further enhances the effectiveness and safety of assisted reproduction.