关于《中俄密约》的性质，史学界一致认为是丧权辱国的不平等条约，李鸿章签订此约是卖国行为。本文则认为此条约是一个平等条约，李鸿章是代表清政府签约。从缔约背景上看，《密约》并非不平等条约，因为当时俄国既没有对中国发动战争，也没有以武力相威胁，而是清政府根据甲午战后面临的国际局势，主动自愿与俄签约，这与不平等条约签订背景截然不同。从《密约》的内容上看，更进一步说明了条约是中俄双方针对日本所签订的军事同盟互助条约，其性质是平等的。而以《密约》签订后产生的客观效果来判定其性质是不正确的，也不是历史唯物主义的态度 With regard to the nature of “Sino-Russian secret compact”, historians and scholars unanimously considered it as an unequal treaty of humiliation and shame, and the signing of this treaty by Li Hongzhang is a traitorous act. This article argues that this treaty is an equal treaty and Li Hongzhang signed the contract on behalf of the Qing government. From the contracting background, “compact” is not an unequal treaty, because at that time Russia neither launched a war on China nor threatened by force. Instead, the Qing government voluntarily signed a contract with Russia on the basis of the international situation after the Sino-Japanese War, This is very different from the background of unequal treaties. From the point of view of “compact”, it further shows that a treaty is a treaty of mutual aid and mutual assistance in military alliance signed by China and Russia against Japan and is of an equal nature. However, it is incorrect or not the historical materialism to judge the nature of the objective effect produced after the signing of the Compact