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词义猜测是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见题型，也是解答阅读理解题甚至是其他题型的一项必备技能。然而，很多同学平时没能养成通过上下文推测词义的习惯，而是遇到生词就查词典，导致在考试中一看到词义猜测题就惶恐不安，不知如何作答。现已临近高考，为了替这部分同学解决燃眉之急，笔者特来献上妙计，希望不仅能帮助大家轻松解答词义猜测题，还能助大家攻克考卷中的“生词大关”。
题型分析
英语阅读理解中的词义猜测题有以下四种常见的考查方式：判断文中某个代词的指代对象；猜测某个词的意思；对文中的多义词或短语进行定义；对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行解释性的描述。
由此，该题型的设题方式主要有：
1. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？
2. The word “...” in the last sentence refers to .
3. In the... paragraph， the word “...” means/ refers to
.
4. The word“...” in Paragraph... can best be replaced by .
5. What does the phrase “...” in Paragraph... most nearly mean？
6. The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that .
技巧点拨
1. 利用替代词猜测词义
判断文中某个代词的指代对象是词义猜测题的常见题型之一，主要考查考生对灵活变化的具有指代功能的词作出分析、判断的能力。解答这类题时，考生应注意以下几点：
（1）注意代词指代的原则——就近指代，即代词通常指代在性（阴性或阳性）、数（单数或复数）、格（主格或宾格）、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数可数名词或不可数名词，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单数可数名词。
（2）既要关注上文信息，又不能忽视下文内容。一般而言，代词是替代上文出现过的信息，为使语言简练和避免重复；但有时也可能指代下文的内容，起到启下的作用。
（3）解题思路要清晰有序，先搜索本句，再搜索前后几个句子，如果仍没找到就搜索该语段。
例：（2013山东卷）Sparrow failed to grow for another two years， until a new CEO， Carl Pearson， decided to build up its market share. He did a survey， which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain， while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.
72. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to？
A. Customers of Sparrow restaurants.
B. Sparrow restaurants.
C. Customers of other fast-food chains.
D. Other fast-food chains.
【解析】D。根据上下文，them所在的句子“while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling...”意为“其他快餐连锁店的顾客不愿意背叛他们经常光顾的快餐店”。因此，them指代的是other fast-food chains。
2. 利用标点符号猜测词义
破折号、冒号、引号、括号等往往在句中起解释说明的作用，利用这些标点符号猜测词义，是最直接、最简单的。
例：（2013重庆卷）It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean， but where it meets land， its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach. It mimics（模仿） nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences， too： unimaginable quantities of creatures， little and large alike， mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony， giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat， a kind of sub-ocean vitality. And it has a psychology. It has personalities： sometimes peaceful and pleasant， on rare occasions rough and wild； always it is strong and striking. 70. What does the underlined word “symbiotic” mean？
A. Living together.
B. Growing fast.
C. Moving harmoniously.
D. Breathing peacefully.
【解析】A。“symbiotic”所在句中，冒号后的内容都是对“symbiotic existences”的解释，意为“生命的数量难以想象，大小也无需区分，和谐地交融在海洋深处，海水仿佛有了心跳，有了生命的活力”。因此，冒号前一句可译成“它充满了生命的迹象”，故“living together”与“symbiotic”的意思接近。
3. 利用定义法猜测词义
在科普文、说明文等文体中，作者常会用下定义、定语从句、同位语（从句）等方法对某个名词或概念进行解释。对于这些名词，可用定义法来确定词义。这里常见的信号词有：that is （to say）（那就是说），in other words（换句话说），be called（被叫做），refer to/ mean/ be（指，是）等。
例：（2013全国新课标卷II）The CRF’s produce is “green”， made within the country and divided into 10 lines， with the Alcohol Series being the most popular. The Exotic Series-with Sichuan pepper， red bean（豆）， cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste. And for chocolate snobs， who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others， the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo， Cuba， Venezuela， and Ghana， among others.
67. The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who .
A. are particular about chocolate
B. know little about cocoa beans
C. look down upon others
D. like to try new flavors
【解析】A。根据画线部分后的定语从句“who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others”可知，chocolate snobs 是指那些认为自己比别人更懂巧克力的人，由此推断出他们是对巧克力很挑剔的人，即A选项。
4. 通过例子猜测词义
很多文章会通过举一些具体的例子来增强观点的说服力，或使观点更加明确。我们恰恰可以借助这些例子获取一些信息，以达到猜测词义的目的。这里常见的信号词有：for example，for instance，like，such as，include，consist of，such，especially等。
例：（2013辽宁卷）We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison. In 1878 he explained bugs as “little problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product. In 1889 it was recorded that Edison “had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player.”
69. What does the word “flaw” in the last paragraph probably mean？
A. Explanation. B. Finding.
C. Origin. D. Fault.
【解析】D。根据原文“the bug as a flaw”，可知bug是flaw的近义词，再从后面的例子“he explained bugs as ‘little problems and difficulties’”可知bug的意思是“小问题和困难”，所以可推断flaw的意思是“瑕疵，缺点”，即D选项。
5. 利用因果关系猜测词义
有因必有果，有果必有因，所以根据原因可预测结果，根据结果也可查出原因。为了使读者更好地理解文中阐述的观点，作者经常把一些因果关系设在句中。如：The young trees on the mountain withered because they had no water.“小树没有浇水”就意味着“会干枯”，由此可推测出画线生词“withered”的意思是“枯萎”。 这里常见的信号词有：because，now that，because of，as，since，for，owing to，due to，on account of，as a result of，as a consequence of，thanks to，thus，so，consequently，hence，therefore，accordingly，as a result，as a consequence，in consequence等。
例：My son could not follow the teacher’s directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class. Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet？
58. What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Breaking. B. Following.
C. Attending. D. Disturbing.
【解析】D。根据第一个句子中的 “My son could not follow the teacher’s directions”可知，作者的儿子没有遵守老师的指令，因此老师认为他上课“捣乱”（即disturb）。
6. 利用对比关系猜测词义
对比是将两个相对或相反的事物，或者一个事物的两个不同方面进行相互比较的一种修辞方式，可使形象更鲜明，感受更强烈。运用这种修辞手法时，作者常用的信号词为：on the contrary，on the other hand，otherwise，unlike，in contrast，whereas，rather than，conversely，instead，by contrast等。
例：（2013湖南卷）Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance， the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was ?95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was ?75.75. And at Farringdon， a double room cost just ?62.95.
57. “Farringdon” in Paragraph 5 is most probably ________.
A. a hotel away from the train station
B. the tube line to Covent Garden
C. an ideal holiday destination
D. the name of a travel agency
【解析】A。此段所在部分的标题是“远离车站”，然后开始举例说明，根据“?95.95”“ ?75.75”和“?62.95”三个数据的对比可知，离车站越近，价格越高。故Farringdon很可能是离车站很远的一个旅馆，即A选项。
7. 利用同义法猜测词义
一般情况下，英语中忌讳实词的重复使用，因此，利用文中所给的同义词或近义词猜测某个单词的意思也是很常用的一个方法。做题时，要重点抓住文中表并列或递进意义的词，如：neither... nor...，or，and，both... and...，not only... but also...，either... or...，as well as等。
例： When I was 12， all I wanted was
a signet（图章） ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday， my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials（姓名首字母） carved into it. I was in heaven.
56. The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means “_____”.
A. fashionable B. available
C. practical D. renewable
【解析】A。“in”后面的“and”表示前后两部分为并列关系，由后半句“it seemed every girl except me had one”可判断，当时佩戴图章戒指很流行，故选fashionable（流行的，时尚的）。
8. 利用上下文猜测词义
生词不是孤立的、封闭的，有些生词的意义可通过上下文提供的信息来判断，甚至它们所在的句子、段落都会提供很多的暗示和线索。
例：（2012全国大纲卷）The honey guide does not actually like honey， but it does like the wax（蜂蜡） in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax， which is deep inside the bees’ nest. So， when it finds a suitable nest， it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention， it flies through the forest， waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest， the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey， and the wax， always falls to the ground， and this is when the honey guide takes its share.
57. What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to？
A. A bee. B. A bird.
C. A honey seeker. D. A beekeeper.
【解析】C。根据第四句“The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people”可知，这只寻蜜鸟发出很大的声音是为了吸引经过的动物和人的注意。因此，可推断跟在honey guide后面的是蜂蜜搜寻者，即C选项。
题型分析
英语阅读理解中的词义猜测题有以下四种常见的考查方式：判断文中某个代词的指代对象；猜测某个词的意思；对文中的多义词或短语进行定义；对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行解释性的描述。
由此，该题型的设题方式主要有：
1. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？
2. The word “...” in the last sentence refers to .
3. In the... paragraph， the word “...” means/ refers to
.
4. The word“...” in Paragraph... can best be replaced by .
5. What does the phrase “...” in Paragraph... most nearly mean？
6. The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that .
技巧点拨
1. 利用替代词猜测词义
判断文中某个代词的指代对象是词义猜测题的常见题型之一，主要考查考生对灵活变化的具有指代功能的词作出分析、判断的能力。解答这类题时，考生应注意以下几点：
（1）注意代词指代的原则——就近指代，即代词通常指代在性（阴性或阳性）、数（单数或复数）、格（主格或宾格）、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数可数名词或不可数名词，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单数可数名词。
（2）既要关注上文信息，又不能忽视下文内容。一般而言，代词是替代上文出现过的信息，为使语言简练和避免重复；但有时也可能指代下文的内容，起到启下的作用。
（3）解题思路要清晰有序，先搜索本句，再搜索前后几个句子，如果仍没找到就搜索该语段。
例：（2013山东卷）Sparrow failed to grow for another two years， until a new CEO， Carl Pearson， decided to build up its market share. He did a survey， which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain， while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.
72. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to？
A. Customers of Sparrow restaurants.
B. Sparrow restaurants.
C. Customers of other fast-food chains.
D. Other fast-food chains.
【解析】D。根据上下文，them所在的句子“while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling...”意为“其他快餐连锁店的顾客不愿意背叛他们经常光顾的快餐店”。因此，them指代的是other fast-food chains。
2. 利用标点符号猜测词义
破折号、冒号、引号、括号等往往在句中起解释说明的作用，利用这些标点符号猜测词义，是最直接、最简单的。
例：（2013重庆卷）It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean， but where it meets land， its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach. It mimics（模仿） nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences， too： unimaginable quantities of creatures， little and large alike， mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony， giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat， a kind of sub-ocean vitality. And it has a psychology. It has personalities： sometimes peaceful and pleasant， on rare occasions rough and wild； always it is strong and striking. 70. What does the underlined word “symbiotic” mean？
A. Living together.
B. Growing fast.
C. Moving harmoniously.
D. Breathing peacefully.
【解析】A。“symbiotic”所在句中，冒号后的内容都是对“symbiotic existences”的解释，意为“生命的数量难以想象，大小也无需区分，和谐地交融在海洋深处，海水仿佛有了心跳，有了生命的活力”。因此，冒号前一句可译成“它充满了生命的迹象”，故“living together”与“symbiotic”的意思接近。
3. 利用定义法猜测词义
在科普文、说明文等文体中，作者常会用下定义、定语从句、同位语（从句）等方法对某个名词或概念进行解释。对于这些名词，可用定义法来确定词义。这里常见的信号词有：that is （to say）（那就是说），in other words（换句话说），be called（被叫做），refer to/ mean/ be（指，是）等。
例：（2013全国新课标卷II）The CRF’s produce is “green”， made within the country and divided into 10 lines， with the Alcohol Series being the most popular. The Exotic Series-with Sichuan pepper， red bean（豆）， cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste. And for chocolate snobs， who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others， the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo， Cuba， Venezuela， and Ghana， among others.
67. The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who .
A. are particular about chocolate
B. know little about cocoa beans
C. look down upon others
D. like to try new flavors
【解析】A。根据画线部分后的定语从句“who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others”可知，chocolate snobs 是指那些认为自己比别人更懂巧克力的人，由此推断出他们是对巧克力很挑剔的人，即A选项。
4. 通过例子猜测词义
很多文章会通过举一些具体的例子来增强观点的说服力，或使观点更加明确。我们恰恰可以借助这些例子获取一些信息，以达到猜测词义的目的。这里常见的信号词有：for example，for instance，like，such as，include，consist of，such，especially等。
例：（2013辽宁卷）We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison. In 1878 he explained bugs as “little problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product. In 1889 it was recorded that Edison “had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player.”
69. What does the word “flaw” in the last paragraph probably mean？
A. Explanation. B. Finding.
C. Origin. D. Fault.
【解析】D。根据原文“the bug as a flaw”，可知bug是flaw的近义词，再从后面的例子“he explained bugs as ‘little problems and difficulties’”可知bug的意思是“小问题和困难”，所以可推断flaw的意思是“瑕疵，缺点”，即D选项。
5. 利用因果关系猜测词义
有因必有果，有果必有因，所以根据原因可预测结果，根据结果也可查出原因。为了使读者更好地理解文中阐述的观点，作者经常把一些因果关系设在句中。如：The young trees on the mountain withered because they had no water.“小树没有浇水”就意味着“会干枯”，由此可推测出画线生词“withered”的意思是“枯萎”。 这里常见的信号词有：because，now that，because of，as，since，for，owing to，due to，on account of，as a result of，as a consequence of，thanks to，thus，so，consequently，hence，therefore，accordingly，as a result，as a consequence，in consequence等。
例：My son could not follow the teacher’s directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class. Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet？
58. What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Breaking. B. Following.
C. Attending. D. Disturbing.
【解析】D。根据第一个句子中的 “My son could not follow the teacher’s directions”可知，作者的儿子没有遵守老师的指令，因此老师认为他上课“捣乱”（即disturb）。
6. 利用对比关系猜测词义
对比是将两个相对或相反的事物，或者一个事物的两个不同方面进行相互比较的一种修辞方式，可使形象更鲜明，感受更强烈。运用这种修辞手法时，作者常用的信号词为：on the contrary，on the other hand，otherwise，unlike，in contrast，whereas，rather than，conversely，instead，by contrast等。
例：（2013湖南卷）Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance， the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was ?95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was ?75.75. And at Farringdon， a double room cost just ?62.95.
57. “Farringdon” in Paragraph 5 is most probably ________.
A. a hotel away from the train station
B. the tube line to Covent Garden
C. an ideal holiday destination
D. the name of a travel agency
【解析】A。此段所在部分的标题是“远离车站”，然后开始举例说明，根据“?95.95”“ ?75.75”和“?62.95”三个数据的对比可知，离车站越近，价格越高。故Farringdon很可能是离车站很远的一个旅馆，即A选项。
7. 利用同义法猜测词义
一般情况下，英语中忌讳实词的重复使用，因此，利用文中所给的同义词或近义词猜测某个单词的意思也是很常用的一个方法。做题时，要重点抓住文中表并列或递进意义的词，如：neither... nor...，or，and，both... and...，not only... but also...，either... or...，as well as等。
例： When I was 12， all I wanted was
a signet（图章） ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday， my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials（姓名首字母） carved into it. I was in heaven.
56. The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means “_____”.
A. fashionable B. available
C. practical D. renewable
【解析】A。“in”后面的“and”表示前后两部分为并列关系，由后半句“it seemed every girl except me had one”可判断，当时佩戴图章戒指很流行，故选fashionable（流行的，时尚的）。
8. 利用上下文猜测词义
生词不是孤立的、封闭的，有些生词的意义可通过上下文提供的信息来判断，甚至它们所在的句子、段落都会提供很多的暗示和线索。
例：（2012全国大纲卷）The honey guide does not actually like honey， but it does like the wax（蜂蜡） in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax， which is deep inside the bees’ nest. So， when it finds a suitable nest， it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention， it flies through the forest， waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest， the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey， and the wax， always falls to the ground， and this is when the honey guide takes its share.
57. What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to？
A. A bee. B. A bird.
C. A honey seeker. D. A beekeeper.
【解析】C。根据第四句“The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people”可知，这只寻蜜鸟发出很大的声音是为了吸引经过的动物和人的注意。因此，可推断跟在honey guide后面的是蜂蜜搜寻者，即C选项。