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γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)是一种天然高分子可降解、环境友好型的新型阴离子聚合物。目前发现多种芽孢杆菌、古细菌和一种真核生物均可合成γ-PGA。根据其合成是否需要外加谷氨酸分为谷氨酸依赖性和谷氨酸非依赖型。γ-PGA的合成基因分为结合型的cap系和游离型的pgs系,其表达产物组成的γ-PGA合成酶复合体调节着γ-PGA的合成和转运。由于γ-PGA具有水溶性好、保湿性好、吸水性好、良好的生物兼容性和生物可降解性、可食用、对环境无污染等优点,在医药、农业、食品、环境、化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用前景。主要对γ-PGA的结构特点、微生物合成、相关基因、合成机理、应用、诱变处理进行综述。以期通过物理和化学等技术的诱变,获得γ-PGA的高产菌株,为提高γ-PGA产量提供依据。
Gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a new type of anionic polymer which is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. It has been found that a variety of Bacillus, archaebacteria and a eukaryote synthesis of γ-PGA. Depending on whether its synthesis requires the addition of glutamic acid into glutamate-dependent and glutamate-independent. The synthetic gene of γ-PGA is divided into a conjugated cap system and a free pgs system, and the γ-PGA synthase complex whose expression product is composed regulates the synthesis and transport of γ-PGA. Since γ-PGA has the advantages of good water solubility, good moisturizing property, good water absorption, good biocompatibility, biodegradability, edible property and no pollution to the environment, etc., in the fields of medicine, agriculture, food, environment and cosmetics Has a wide range of applications. Mainly on the structural characteristics of γ-PGA, microbial synthesis, related genes, synthesis mechanism, application, mutagenesis treatment are reviewed. With the aim of obtaining high-yielding strains of γ-PGA through the mutagenesis of physical and chemical techniques, it provides the basis for increasing the yield of γ-PGA.