就业是人的城镇化的核心和前提,但是有就业不一定就有生活。由于制度性约束的存在,农民工在城市不能凭借职业进入城市社会分层体系,在改变身份、获得与本地市民同样的职业报酬水平、建立完整的家庭生活、解决子女的教育问题等方面都存在着困境。近些年一些地方推动了制度方面的改革,已反映到农民工的流动趋势方面。目前大城市还是吸纳劳动力的主要地区,但是随着制造业和加工业向内地的逐步转移,农民工回流现象出现,跨省流动的数量在减少,省内或者近距离的流动在增加,中小城市一定程度上体现出吸纳劳动力的潜力。大城市就业机会多、收入水平高,但是在社会保障、子女教育、住房等方面受到制度性约束。中小城市相对来说就业机会比较少、工资水平比较低。随着产业结构的调整和重新布局,一些城市和地区在户籍、教育、社会保障、住房等方面进行地方性的改革,这些政策的配套实施为吸纳劳动力回流、吸纳资金进入并最终促进地方发展创造机会和条件,也为农民工真正实现城镇化,也就是实现就业的同时为建构城市生活创造条件。在地方制度条件下,农民工需要在流动、工作和生活方面做出选择,最终会形成新的劳动力流动和地方发展的格局。 Employment is the core and premise of human urbanization, but there is not necessarily a life of employment. Due to the existence of institutional constraints, migrant workers in cities can not enter the urban social stratification system by occupation, and exist in the aspects of changing their status, obtaining the same remuneration level as the local citizens, establishing a complete family life, and solving their children’s education problems Dilemma. In some places in recent years, institutional reform has been promoted, which has been reflected in the migration trend of migrant workers. At present, big cities are still the major areas for absorbing labor force. However, with the gradual shift of manufacturing and processing industries to the Mainland, the return of migrant workers appears, the number of inter-provincial movements is decreasing, and the flow within or within the province is increasing. Small and medium-sized cities To some extent reflects the potential to absorb the workforce. Large cities have many employment opportunities and high income levels, but are systematically bound in social security, education of their children and housing. Relatively speaking, small and medium-sized cities have fewer employment opportunities and lower wage levels. With the readjustment and rearrangement of industrial structure, some cities and regions carry out local reforms in areas such as household registration, education, social security and housing. The implementation of these policies is to attract labor backflow, attract funds and eventually promote local development Opportunities and conditions, but also for rural migrant workers to achieve real urbanization, that is, to achieve employment while creating conditions for the construction of urban life. Under the local institutional conditions, migrant workers need to make choices in terms of mobility, work and life, and eventually a new pattern of labor mobility and local development will be formed.