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综合国力的概念是上世纪六七十年代出现的。不过,历史上,对国力的计算一直存在。罗马帝国时代讲农力论,即农业生产水平是衡量一个国家国力的根本,中国古代的以农为本,实际上也是农力论的一种体现。在近代欧洲,又开始讲银力论,白银越多,国力越强。到了近现代,因为不断爆发战争,所以衡量国力主要看军事力量,看有多少军队,有多少大炮和战舰。二战以后,美苏之间相互竞争,从竞争的结果来看,苏联不战而败。苏联在解体的时候,军事力量非常强大,与美国不相上下,为什么还会输给美国?单看军事力量,看不出苏联的失败,但是如果把经济力量、国际竞争力、人民生活水平以及软国力等加起来,苏联在这种竞争中是失败的。因此,专家们认识到,国家间的竞争不能光靠军事力量的竞争,在一个经济全球化和高科技发展的时代,国家的竞争实际上是综合国力的竞争。可以说,苏联解体使大家认识到了综合国力的重要意义。
The concept of comprehensive national strength appeared in the sixties and seventies of the last century. However, historically, the calculation of national power has always existed. In the Roman Empire, the theory of peasant power that the level of agricultural production is the basis for measuring the national strength of a country. In ancient China, peasant-based cultivation was actually an embodiment of peasant-farming theory. In modern Europe, we began to talk about silver theory, the more silver, the stronger the national strength. In the modern era, because of the constant outbreak of war, the measure of national strength mainly depends on the military forces, the number of armies and how many artillery pieces and warships there are. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union competed with each other. From the result of competition, the Soviet Union failed without war. When the Soviet Union was disintegrating, the military strength was very powerful and comparable to that of the United States. Why would it be lost to the United States? If we look at the military forces alone and fail to see the failure of the Soviet Union, if we consider the economic strength, international competitiveness, people’s living standards and As a result of soft power and so on, the Soviet Union failed in this kind of competition. Therefore, experts have realized that the competition among countries can not be based solely on the competition of military forces. In an era of economic globalization and high-tech development, the competition of a country is actually a competition of comprehensive national strength. It can be said that the disintegration of the Soviet Union made everyone realize the important significance of comprehensive national strength.