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肺炎链球菌是儿童常见的感染性病原体。肺炎链球菌疾病是发展中国家5岁以下儿童死亡的主要原因，可导致鼻窦炎、中耳炎等非侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病，也可导致脑膜炎、败血症、肺炎等侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(invasive pneumococcal disease，IPD)。IPD是一种严重的儿童感染性疾病，具有高致病率和高死亡率的特征，但不同年龄、性别、地域中儿童IPD的发病率有明显差异。青霉素曾作为治疗IPD的首选药物。随着抗生素在临床上的广泛应用，肺炎链球菌耐药问题不断加重。我国肺炎链球菌对抗生素耐药的状况已十分严峻，有数据显示肺炎链球菌的多重耐药率高达88.7%。因此，肺炎链球菌疫苗逐渐成为降低IPD发病率的主要手段，同时，还能够有效地减少耐药菌株的扩散。该文就儿童IPD的流行病学特征、发病机制、儿童常见的IPD、实验室诊断、治疗及预防等方面进行综述。“,”Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common infectious pathogen in children and the main cause of death in children under 5 years of age.It can lead to non-invasive pneumococcal diseases such as sinusitis and otitis media, as well as invasive pneumococcal diseases(IPD) such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia.IPD is a serious infectious disease in children, with high morbidity and mortality.However, the incidence of IPD in children varies significantly among different ages, genders and regions.Penicillin used to be the first choice for the treatment of IPD.With the widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice, the problem of drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to increase.The situation of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in China has been very serious, and some data show that the multiple drug resistance rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is as high as 88.7%.As a result, streptococcus pneumococcal vaccines have emerged as the primary means of reducing the incidence of IPD, in addition, it is effective in reducing the spread of drug-resistant strains.This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, common invasive pneumococcal disease in children, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of IPD in children.