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Objective: To investigate the changes of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in hippocampus of chronic lead exposed rats. Methods: Wistar rats were exposed to lead by drinking 0.02%、0.2% lead acetate solution for three months, respectively. Investigate the changes of learning and memory ability by Y-labyrinth experiment, study the changes of BDNF positive neuron in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus in hippocampus of rats by immunohistochemistry. Results: BDNF positive neurons distribute everywhere in the hippocampus under normal condition. Compared with the contral group, the number of BDNF positive neurons in the hippocampus subregions were decreased significantly of two different dosage (0.02%, 0.2% ) chronic lead exposed groups( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the reduction of BDNF positive neuron in hippocampus might be related to the impact of lead on learning and memory.