莫言在《十三步》中采用了叙述分层的叙事方式,在不同叙述层的视角转换中,造成了陌生化的艺术效果,但也带来了阅读障碍和阐释困难。小说通过夸张、变形的表现手法,以荒诞意识来设置情节和人物,展示出失去自我的荒诞处境和种种荒诞不经的社会现象,体现出强烈的人文关怀和批判精神。小说打破叙述时间的线性结构,并让次叙述层中人物的自主发声与主叙述层形成一种双声复调,突出荒诞社会现实对人物的扭曲和异化。同时,“麻雀”和“粉笔”两个贯穿多个叙述层意象的运用,增强了小说的荒诞意蕴。 Mo Yan adopted the narrative method of narrative stratification in “The Thirteen Steps”, which caused unfamiliar artistic effects in the transformation of perspectives of different narrative layers, but also brought difficulties in reading and interpretation. Through exaggerated and distorted expressions, the novel sets up episodes and characters with absurd consciousness, displays the absurd situation of loss of self and various absurd social phenomena, and shows strong humane care and critical spirit. The novel breaks the linear structure of the narrative time and makes the autonomous voice of the sub-narrative layer and the main narrative layer form a two-tone polyphony, highlighting the distortions and alienation of characters by absurd social reality. At the same time, the use of two images, Sparrows and Chalk, through multiple narrative layers, enhances the absurdity of the novel.