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以猪粪和秸秆为原料,研究自然发酵、强制通风发酵、厌氧干发酵3种不同发酵工艺对发酵效果及重金属Cu、Pb、Zn形态的影响。结果表明:强制通风发酵处理对Cu、Pb、Zn的有效态钝化效果分别达45.42%、60.18%、32.21%;自然发酵处理对Cu、Pb、Zn的有效态钝化效果分别达39.60%、28.68%、6.19%;厌氧干发酵处理对Cu、Pb、Zn的有效态钝化效果分别为3.08%、24.19%、-1.11%。相对于厌氧干发酵处理,自然发酵处理和强制通风处理更有利于重金属有活性较高的形态向活性较低的形态转化。从发酵的品质效果看,发酵过程中自然发酵处理和强制通风发酵处理可以利用高温期有效杀害猪粪中病原菌和杂草种子,且强制通风发酵处理在55℃以上的高温期约为自然发酵处理的2倍,厌氧干发酵处理始终保持40℃左右的中温发酵;发酵结束后,强制通风发酵处理的EC值为1.79mS/cm,自然发酵处理和厌氧发酵处理的EC值较高,分别为5.67、6.36mS/cm,较高的EC值具有潜在的土壤盐渍化风险。自然发酵由于氧气供应不足导致肥料无法完全无害化,为保证肥料完全腐熟,需延长自然发酵时间;而厌氧干发酵的有机肥难以无害化,因此需继续进行好氧发酵以实现完全腐熟。综合考虑3种工艺的发酵效果及重金属的钝化效果认为,强制通风发酵工艺对提升发酵产品质量更具优势。
The effects of natural fermentation, forced ventilation fermentation and anaerobic dry fermentation on the fermentation efficiency and the forms of heavy metals Cu, Pb and Zn were studied using pig manure and straw as raw materials. The results showed that the effective passivation of Cu, Pb and Zn by forced ventilation was 45.42%, 60.18% and 32.21% respectively. The effective passivation of Cu, Pb and Zn by natural fermentation was 39.60% 28.68% and 6.19% respectively. The effective passivation of Cu, Pb and Zn by anaerobic dry fermentation was 3.08%, 24.19% and-1.11% respectively. Compared with anaerobic dry fermentation, natural fermentation and forced ventilation are more conducive to heavy metals with higher activity to the lower activity of morphological transformation. From the fermentation quality effect, natural fermentation process and forced ventilation fermentation process can effectively kill pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds in pig manure at high temperature, and the forced ventilation and fermentation process at about 55 ℃ high temperature period is about natural fermentation treatment , And the anaerobic fermentation was maintained at about 40 ℃ in medium temperature. After the fermentation was finished, the EC value of forced ventilation fermentation was 1.79mS / cm, and the EC of natural fermentation and anaerobic fermentation were higher 5.67,6.36mS / cm, the higher the EC value has the potential risk of soil salinization. Natural fermentation can not completely detoxify the fertilizer due to insufficient supply of oxygen. To ensure the complete maturity of the fertilizer, the natural fermentation time needs to be prolonged. However, the organic fertilizer of the anaerobic dry fermentation is hard to be detoxified, therefore, the aerobic fermentation needs to be continued for complete maturity . Considering the fermentation effects of three kinds of processes and the passivation effect of heavy metals, forced ventilation and fermentation process is more advantageous to improve the quality of fermentation products.