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摘要 利用中国气象灾害大典综合卷1951—2000年重大暴雨洪涝灾害中的6月特大暴雨资料，分析了我国6月特大暴雨特征。结果表明，50年中，我国特大暴雨4月仅出现2年，到6月迅速增加到出现32年。6月出现特大暴雨，大多发生洪涝灾害。6月特大暴雨20世纪50年代只出现4个省，20世纪90年代发展到出现11个省（市、区），50年中，有14个省（市、区）6月发生特大暴雨。其中，江西有31个县（市、区）出现特大暴雨，湖北有24个县（市、区），安徽有17个县（市、区）。江西、湖北、福建6月特大暴雨在每个年代都有出现。江西每个年代出现2～4年，湖北每个年代出现1～4年，福建每个年代出现1～2年。四川在1962年及以后，湖南、贵州在1964年及以后，广东、广西在1966年及以后；河南在1971年及以后；江苏、北京分别在1989年、1991年6月出现特大暴雨；云南在1994年、1997年出現特大暴雨。掌握特大暴雨发生发展规律对防灾减灾具有重要意义。
关键词 特大暴雨；时空变化；中国；6月
中图分类号 P458.121.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739（2018）21-0193-02
Spatial and Temporal Change Characteristics of Heavy Rainstorm in China in June
CHEN Chao-ji
（Yumen Meteorological Bureau in Gansu Province，Yumen Gansu 735211）
Abstract Using the heavy rainstorm data of heavy rainstorm and flood disaster in China in June from 1951 to 2000，the characteristics of heavy rainstorm in China in June were analyzed.The results showed that in recent 50 years，the heavy rainstorm in China appeared in April only 2 years，and appeared in June for 32 years，which increased rapidly.The heavy rainstorms appeared in June，most of which occurred floods.In 1950s，the heavy rainstorm only appeared in 4 provinces（cities and districts），and appeared in 11 provinces（cities and districts）in 1990s.In recent 50 years，the extraordinary heavy rainstorm appeared in 14 provinces（cities and districts），among which，there were 31 counties（cities and districts） in Jiangxi Province，24 counties（cities and districts）in Hubei Province，and 17 counties（cities and districts）in Anhui Province.The heavy rainstorms of Jiangxi Province，Hubei Province and Fujian Province occurred in June of every year.The heavy rainstorm appeared from 2 to 4 years per decade in Jiangxi Province，from 1 to 4 years per decade in Hubei Province，and from 1 to 2 years per decade in Fujian Province.Since 1962 in Sichuan Province，since 1964 in Hunan Province and Guizhou Province，since 1962 in Guangdong and Guangxi，since 1971 in Henan，the heavy rainstorm appeared in June.The extraordinary heavy rainstorm appeared in Jiangsu Province and Beijing City in June of 1989 and 1991 respectively，and in Yunnan Province in June of 1994 and 1997.Mastering the law of occurrence and development of severe rainstorms has great significance for disaster prevention and mitigation.
Key words extraordinary heavy rainstorm；spatial and temporal change；China；June
气象部门规定：24 h降水量达50～99 mm为暴雨，100～199 mm为大暴雨，≥200 mm为特大暴雨[1]。暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨是造成重大暴雨洪涝灾害的主要因素。据中国气象灾害大典综合卷记载，1931年我国许多地方都出现了暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨，造成我国26个省（市、区）发生洪涝灾害，其中，湖北省死亡20万人以上。新中国成立以来，我国暴雨灾害依然很严重，几乎每年都有重大暴雨洪涝灾害出现，特别是1954年、1975年，我国江淮流域和河南省均发生特大暴雨，分别造成逾3万人和2万人的重大人员伤亡和严重的经济损失。在20世纪90年代，1991年和1998年我国分别在江淮流域和长江流域出现特大暴雨洪涝灾害，均造成1 800多人死亡，分别造成经济损失逾700亿元和500亿元。
关键词 特大暴雨；时空变化；中国；6月
中图分类号 P458.121.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739（2018）21-0193-02
Spatial and Temporal Change Characteristics of Heavy Rainstorm in China in June
CHEN Chao-ji
（Yumen Meteorological Bureau in Gansu Province，Yumen Gansu 735211）
Abstract Using the heavy rainstorm data of heavy rainstorm and flood disaster in China in June from 1951 to 2000，the characteristics of heavy rainstorm in China in June were analyzed.The results showed that in recent 50 years，the heavy rainstorm in China appeared in April only 2 years，and appeared in June for 32 years，which increased rapidly.The heavy rainstorms appeared in June，most of which occurred floods.In 1950s，the heavy rainstorm only appeared in 4 provinces（cities and districts），and appeared in 11 provinces（cities and districts）in 1990s.In recent 50 years，the extraordinary heavy rainstorm appeared in 14 provinces（cities and districts），among which，there were 31 counties（cities and districts） in Jiangxi Province，24 counties（cities and districts）in Hubei Province，and 17 counties（cities and districts）in Anhui Province.The heavy rainstorms of Jiangxi Province，Hubei Province and Fujian Province occurred in June of every year.The heavy rainstorm appeared from 2 to 4 years per decade in Jiangxi Province，from 1 to 4 years per decade in Hubei Province，and from 1 to 2 years per decade in Fujian Province.Since 1962 in Sichuan Province，since 1964 in Hunan Province and Guizhou Province，since 1962 in Guangdong and Guangxi，since 1971 in Henan，the heavy rainstorm appeared in June.The extraordinary heavy rainstorm appeared in Jiangsu Province and Beijing City in June of 1989 and 1991 respectively，and in Yunnan Province in June of 1994 and 1997.Mastering the law of occurrence and development of severe rainstorms has great significance for disaster prevention and mitigation.
Key words extraordinary heavy rainstorm；spatial and temporal change；China；June
气象部门规定：24 h降水量达50～99 mm为暴雨，100～199 mm为大暴雨，≥200 mm为特大暴雨[1]。暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨是造成重大暴雨洪涝灾害的主要因素。据中国气象灾害大典综合卷记载，1931年我国许多地方都出现了暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨，造成我国26个省（市、区）发生洪涝灾害，其中，湖北省死亡20万人以上。新中国成立以来，我国暴雨灾害依然很严重，几乎每年都有重大暴雨洪涝灾害出现，特别是1954年、1975年，我国江淮流域和河南省均发生特大暴雨，分别造成逾3万人和2万人的重大人员伤亡和严重的经济损失。在20世纪90年代，1991年和1998年我国分别在江淮流域和长江流域出现特大暴雨洪涝灾害，均造成1 800多人死亡，分别造成经济损失逾700亿元和500亿元。