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法家思想近代转向很重要的一个维度即作为一种再生资源参与到近代民族国家的建构之中。就最能体现国家意志的科场来看,在国家级别的会试命题中出现“国民教育”话语并被赋予尚武定义,便有清廷借以抵御外侮、推动近代意义上的国家建构与进化的成分;而士子在答题认知中一方面表现出对中国法家治术和与之对等的俾斯麦等西方威权政治家的青睐与忻慕,另一方面则表现出对于“国”字认知的含混。留日学生则通过“国民”等话语建构,将清廷基于国家与改革的国民话语体系,重塑为基于种族与革命的国民话语体系。清廷以国民类话语命题,原本企图将“国家”观念植入士子这一知识群体并宣示于外,以与种族赋义争夺舆论阵地,但却在一定程度上强化了海内外知识阶层对于“国族”的认知分歧。最终革命话语还是盖过改革话语,成为清廷失去民意进而失去政权合法性的关键因素之一。
The most important dimension of the turning of the legalists’ thought into modern times is to participate in the construction of the modern nation-state as a kind of renewable resource. In the field of science that most reflects the will of the state, the discourse of “national education ” appears in the national-level conference proposition and is given the definition of martial power. Therefore, the Qing court can resist foreign aggression and promote the construction of the state in the modern sense Evolutionary elements; while the scholars in the answering questions on the one hand show the Chinese rule of law and the equivalent Bismarck and other western authoritarian states favor and Xin Mu, on the other hand showed the “ ”Confusion of the word recognition. The students in Japan restructured the system of national discourse based on state and reform into a national discourse system based on race and revolution through discourse construction such as “nationality.” The Qing dynasty, in its proposition of national discourse, originally attempted to implant the concept of “state ” into the knowledge base of scholars and declare it out to compete for positions of public opinion with racial endowments, but to a certain extent, strengthened knowledge both at home and abroad Class Cognitive Disagreement on “Nationality ”. The final revolutionary discourse still overshadowed the reform discourse, which became one of the key factors in the Qing court’s loss of popular opinion and the loss of the legitimacy of the regime.