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系动词是组成英语中五大基本句型之一“主语+系动词+表语”的最核心部分,系动词主要是以be为代表,表示一种状态,但除了be以外,还有一些其他的系动词,如表示“感觉”的系动词,表示“保持”的系动词和“变化”的系动词等。
本文主要介绍一下表示“变化”的系动词。
常见的表示“变化”的系动词有become, get, come, go, grow, fall, turn, run等,都表示从一种状态到另一种状态。尽管意思都差不多,但搭配有差别,若不注意,运用,会时常出错。先请看以下几个考题:
① Emergency line operators must always _______ calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.
A. grow B. appear C. become D. stay
答案:D。四个选项都是系动词,A项和C项都是表示“变化”的词,但根据句意“急救中心的接线员在危急时刻要保持镇静”,该系动词应表示“保持”的含义,因此需排除A和C项,appear“似乎”也不对,答案只能是stay“保持”。
②Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to _____ a good researcher.
A. make B. turn C. get D. grow
答案:A。四个选项都是系动词,且都表示“变成”的含义,但turn, get和grow作系动词时,其后皆常接形容词,make可以相当于become,也可表示“变成”,后面可以接名词,因此为最佳答案。
下文分别简述几个常见的表示“变化”的系动词。
1. become
become的含义是“成为,变成”,使用得最多,也是最正规的表示“变化”的系动词,后面可接名词、形容词、过去分词等作表语。接名词时一般需使用不定冠词限定,但有时也可不用。如:
She became queen in 1952. 她于1952年成为女王。
The bill will become law next year. 该议案将于明年成为法律。
使用become需注意几点:
(1)become有不同的时态,如一般时、进行时和完成时,但一般不用于将来时。如:
( × )I hope you will become well and join in us soon.
(?菁)I hope you will get well and join in us soon.
(2)become后面可以接过去分词作表语,但并不表示被动语态,而是表示事情发生的最后结果。如:
She became engaged as a typist. 她最后担任了打字员。
At last the whole area became covered with water. 最后整个地方都被水淹了。
(3)与介词of搭配构成短语,其后接sb或sth。如:
What became of that student who used to live with you? 那个以前跟你住在一起的学生后来怎么样了?
I fear to think what will become of them if they lose their home. 我不敢想他们如果无家可归会怎么样。
(4)become后面接形容词作表语时其主语既可是人,也可以是物,可以表示人、气候、社会等的变化,若是表示“由好变坏”时,可用go替代。如:
Something has gone wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病。
The meat has gone bad in such hot weather. 在如此热的天气,肉坏了。
2. get
get作系动词时,一般表示一种渐进的变化过程,即由一种状态进入另一种状态,后常接形容词、过去分词、不定式等作表语,常译作“(使)达到、处于”。如:
①(2005全国Ⅱ)—Is your headache getting _____?
— No, it’s worse.
A. better B. bad C. less D. well
答案:A。根据下句回答No, it’s worse. 可知这里问的是“你身体好些了吗?”get是系动词,后面可接形容词作表语。
②(2004全国Ⅰ)Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change
C. get changing D. get to change
答案:A。根据句意可知此处作“换衣”解,get作系动词用,后面可接过去分词作表语,此处并不表示被动,而只是一种换衣的动作,get后面接现在分词表示“开始”的意思,接不定式表示“逐渐”的含义,因此根据句意可排除C和D项。
使用get时需注意:
(1)get作系动词时,一般都有一种渐变的过程,因此,若表示一种禁止的状态,不要使用get。如:
( × )I don’t get used to the customs of table manners here.
(?菁)I am not used to the customs of table manners here. 我不太习惯这里的餐桌礼仪。
(2)get表示的是一种短暂的状态,不能与表示持续的时间状语连用。如:
( × )Mr Smith has got married to his wife for 10 years.
(?菁)Mr Smith has been married to his wife for 10 years.
(3)get后面接过去分词大多数时候表示状态或动作,但有时也相当于be+过去分词的用法表示被动语态。如:
My car got (was) stolen at the weekend. 我的车在周末被盗了。
(4)get后接不定式作表语时,表示“逐渐”的意思。如:
You’ll get to love English when you have known how to learn it. 当你知道了怎样学英语时,你也会渐渐爱上它的。
(5)get后面也可接现在分词作表语,但意思是“开始”。如:
After some time, I got talking to her. 过了一会儿,我开始跟她谈起来。
It’s already late. We need to get going soon. 天已经晚了,我们需要马上出发。
3. come
come作系动词用时,相当于become,表示“成为,变成,变得”,后常接形容词、过去分词、副词等作表语,也可相当于get后接不定式,表示“逐渐”的意思。如:
The buttons on her blouse had come undone. 她衬衣上的纽扣松开了。
The handle of the suitcase comes loose. 手提箱的把手松了。
Everything will come right in the end. 一切到最后都会好起来的。
She has come to see the problem in a new light. 她开始用新的角度看待这个问题。
come作系动词时除了表示“变化”的含义外,还可以表示:
(1)“发生”
The rain came too late to do any good. 这场雨来得太晚,什么用也没有。
Her death came as a terrible shock to us. 她的死使我们极为震撼。
(2)“位于,处于”
His family comes first (=is the most important of all) in his life. 他的一生中家庭摆在首位。
She came second in the exam. 她在考试中名列第二。
4. go
go作系动词时使用范围相对较窄,后面一般只接形容词,且表示“由好变坏”的过程或接表示颜色的词。如:
After he failed in his cause, he went mad. 在他的事业失败后,他疯了。
Hearing this, she went red. 听到这里,她的脸变红了。
5. grow
grow作系动词用时,一般表示“逐渐变得,逐渐成为”,后面一般接形容词作表语。如:
(2006上海)The mother felt herself ______ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.
A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown
答案:A。这里是指当妈妈读着信的时候感觉到身上越来越冷,grow作系动词时后面可接形容词作表语,此处也可理解为grow cold一起作herself的宾语补足语,因为felt属感官动词,后面只能接动词原形或现在分词作宾补,故此处答案只能是grow。又如:
I’m growing taller and taller while my parents are growing older and older. 我越长越高,而父母却越来越老。
The skies grew dark and it began to rain. 天渐渐黑了,又下起雨来。
grow作系动词时,后面一般不能接名词作表语,若需要,应加上介词into才行。如:
Having parted for five years, she has grown into a beautiful lady. 分别五年后,她已经长成了一个美丽的姑娘了。
6. fall
fall作系动词时,可表示“进入(某状态)”或“开始变成(某事物)”,后面可接形容词、副词或介词短语等作表语。如:
He had fallen asleep on the sofa. 他在沙发上睡着了。
Suddenly the room fell silent. 突然,房间里静了下来。
The temperature fell sharply in the night. 夜间温度陡降。
I had fallen into conversation with a stranger on the train. 在火车上我和一个陌生人攀谈起来。
7. turn
turn是一个用得较为频繁的系动词。大体相当于become表示“(使)变成,成为”,后面可接名词、形容词、数词等作表语。如:
(2004天津) Happy birthday, Alice! So you have ______ twenty-one already.
A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed
答案:B。本题考查系动词表示“变化”的用法,passed不是系动词,首先可被排除。A项和C项多接形容词作表语,become后面除了接形容词外还可接带不定冠词的名词作表语等,但不能接数词。grow作系动词用时一般表示“渐渐”的意思,因此become和grow都要排除,答案只能是turned。又如:
The leaves were already turning brown. 叶子已经变黄了。
The weather has turned cold and windy. 天气变得寒冷多风。
He has decided to turn professional. 他决定转为职业人员。
使用turn时需注意:
(1)turn后面接名词作表语时,名词前不能使用任何冠词。如:
( × )She turned a teacher after graduating from college.
(?菁)She turned teacher after graduating from college. 或
(?菁)She became a teacher after graduating from college.
(2)形容词若是表示颜色的,常使用turn或go。如:
( × )On hearing the news, her face got grey.
(?菁)On hearing the news, her face turned (went) grey.
(3)turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如:
I just put the milk here for a few minutes. Why does it turn sour? 我刚把牛奶放在这里几分钟怎么就变酸了?
(4)turn可跟out连用构成另一个系动词,意思是“后来发现……”或“原来是……”,后面可接名词、形容词和不定式,不定式符号to可省略。如:
We all thought the exam was easy, but it turned out (to be) very difficult.我们都原以为考试很简单,但后来却发现非常难。
He turns out (to be) a leader of the company, which is quite out of our expectation. 他原来是公司的一名领导,这非常出乎我们的预料。
8. run
run作系动词使用时,也可表示“变成,成为,变得”(尤指不利的变化),后面一般只接形容词作表语。如:
It hadn’t rained for almost a month. The river ran dry (stopped flowing). 几乎有一个月没下雨了,河水都干了。
We’ve run short of milk. 我们的牛奶不够了。
使用run需注意:
(1)run作系动词时,后面一般接short, dry, low, deep等形容词,主语多为能流动、能消耗掉的东西。
(2)在表示“短缺”时,常与short of或out of构成词组,又如:
He hasn’t received any letter from home for a month. He has run out of his cost of living. 他已经有一个月没有收到家里的任何来信,他的生活费已经快用完了。
编辑/梁宇清
本文主要介绍一下表示“变化”的系动词。
常见的表示“变化”的系动词有become, get, come, go, grow, fall, turn, run等,都表示从一种状态到另一种状态。尽管意思都差不多,但搭配有差别,若不注意,运用,会时常出错。先请看以下几个考题:
① Emergency line operators must always _______ calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.
A. grow B. appear C. become D. stay
答案:D。四个选项都是系动词,A项和C项都是表示“变化”的词,但根据句意“急救中心的接线员在危急时刻要保持镇静”,该系动词应表示“保持”的含义,因此需排除A和C项,appear“似乎”也不对,答案只能是stay“保持”。
②Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to _____ a good researcher.
A. make B. turn C. get D. grow
答案:A。四个选项都是系动词,且都表示“变成”的含义,但turn, get和grow作系动词时,其后皆常接形容词,make可以相当于become,也可表示“变成”,后面可以接名词,因此为最佳答案。
下文分别简述几个常见的表示“变化”的系动词。
1. become
become的含义是“成为,变成”,使用得最多,也是最正规的表示“变化”的系动词,后面可接名词、形容词、过去分词等作表语。接名词时一般需使用不定冠词限定,但有时也可不用。如:
She became queen in 1952. 她于1952年成为女王。
The bill will become law next year. 该议案将于明年成为法律。
使用become需注意几点:
(1)become有不同的时态,如一般时、进行时和完成时,但一般不用于将来时。如:
( × )I hope you will become well and join in us soon.
(?菁)I hope you will get well and join in us soon.
(2)become后面可以接过去分词作表语,但并不表示被动语态,而是表示事情发生的最后结果。如:
She became engaged as a typist. 她最后担任了打字员。
At last the whole area became covered with water. 最后整个地方都被水淹了。
(3)与介词of搭配构成短语,其后接sb或sth。如:
What became of that student who used to live with you? 那个以前跟你住在一起的学生后来怎么样了?
I fear to think what will become of them if they lose their home. 我不敢想他们如果无家可归会怎么样。
(4)become后面接形容词作表语时其主语既可是人,也可以是物,可以表示人、气候、社会等的变化,若是表示“由好变坏”时,可用go替代。如:
Something has gone wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病。
The meat has gone bad in such hot weather. 在如此热的天气,肉坏了。
2. get
get作系动词时,一般表示一种渐进的变化过程,即由一种状态进入另一种状态,后常接形容词、过去分词、不定式等作表语,常译作“(使)达到、处于”。如:
①(2005全国Ⅱ)—Is your headache getting _____?
— No, it’s worse.
A. better B. bad C. less D. well
答案:A。根据下句回答No, it’s worse. 可知这里问的是“你身体好些了吗?”get是系动词,后面可接形容词作表语。
②(2004全国Ⅰ)Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change
C. get changing D. get to change
答案:A。根据句意可知此处作“换衣”解,get作系动词用,后面可接过去分词作表语,此处并不表示被动,而只是一种换衣的动作,get后面接现在分词表示“开始”的意思,接不定式表示“逐渐”的含义,因此根据句意可排除C和D项。
使用get时需注意:
(1)get作系动词时,一般都有一种渐变的过程,因此,若表示一种禁止的状态,不要使用get。如:
( × )I don’t get used to the customs of table manners here.
(?菁)I am not used to the customs of table manners here. 我不太习惯这里的餐桌礼仪。
(2)get表示的是一种短暂的状态,不能与表示持续的时间状语连用。如:
( × )Mr Smith has got married to his wife for 10 years.
(?菁)Mr Smith has been married to his wife for 10 years.
(3)get后面接过去分词大多数时候表示状态或动作,但有时也相当于be+过去分词的用法表示被动语态。如:
My car got (was) stolen at the weekend. 我的车在周末被盗了。
(4)get后接不定式作表语时,表示“逐渐”的意思。如:
You’ll get to love English when you have known how to learn it. 当你知道了怎样学英语时,你也会渐渐爱上它的。
(5)get后面也可接现在分词作表语,但意思是“开始”。如:
After some time, I got talking to her. 过了一会儿,我开始跟她谈起来。
It’s already late. We need to get going soon. 天已经晚了,我们需要马上出发。
3. come
come作系动词用时,相当于become,表示“成为,变成,变得”,后常接形容词、过去分词、副词等作表语,也可相当于get后接不定式,表示“逐渐”的意思。如:
The buttons on her blouse had come undone. 她衬衣上的纽扣松开了。
The handle of the suitcase comes loose. 手提箱的把手松了。
Everything will come right in the end. 一切到最后都会好起来的。
She has come to see the problem in a new light. 她开始用新的角度看待这个问题。
come作系动词时除了表示“变化”的含义外,还可以表示:
(1)“发生”
The rain came too late to do any good. 这场雨来得太晚,什么用也没有。
Her death came as a terrible shock to us. 她的死使我们极为震撼。
(2)“位于,处于”
His family comes first (=is the most important of all) in his life. 他的一生中家庭摆在首位。
She came second in the exam. 她在考试中名列第二。
4. go
go作系动词时使用范围相对较窄,后面一般只接形容词,且表示“由好变坏”的过程或接表示颜色的词。如:
After he failed in his cause, he went mad. 在他的事业失败后,他疯了。
Hearing this, she went red. 听到这里,她的脸变红了。
5. grow
grow作系动词用时,一般表示“逐渐变得,逐渐成为”,后面一般接形容词作表语。如:
(2006上海)The mother felt herself ______ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.
A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown
答案:A。这里是指当妈妈读着信的时候感觉到身上越来越冷,grow作系动词时后面可接形容词作表语,此处也可理解为grow cold一起作herself的宾语补足语,因为felt属感官动词,后面只能接动词原形或现在分词作宾补,故此处答案只能是grow。又如:
I’m growing taller and taller while my parents are growing older and older. 我越长越高,而父母却越来越老。
The skies grew dark and it began to rain. 天渐渐黑了,又下起雨来。
grow作系动词时,后面一般不能接名词作表语,若需要,应加上介词into才行。如:
Having parted for five years, she has grown into a beautiful lady. 分别五年后,她已经长成了一个美丽的姑娘了。
6. fall
fall作系动词时,可表示“进入(某状态)”或“开始变成(某事物)”,后面可接形容词、副词或介词短语等作表语。如:
He had fallen asleep on the sofa. 他在沙发上睡着了。
Suddenly the room fell silent. 突然,房间里静了下来。
The temperature fell sharply in the night. 夜间温度陡降。
I had fallen into conversation with a stranger on the train. 在火车上我和一个陌生人攀谈起来。
7. turn
turn是一个用得较为频繁的系动词。大体相当于become表示“(使)变成,成为”,后面可接名词、形容词、数词等作表语。如:
(2004天津) Happy birthday, Alice! So you have ______ twenty-one already.
A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed
答案:B。本题考查系动词表示“变化”的用法,passed不是系动词,首先可被排除。A项和C项多接形容词作表语,become后面除了接形容词外还可接带不定冠词的名词作表语等,但不能接数词。grow作系动词用时一般表示“渐渐”的意思,因此become和grow都要排除,答案只能是turned。又如:
The leaves were already turning brown. 叶子已经变黄了。
The weather has turned cold and windy. 天气变得寒冷多风。
He has decided to turn professional. 他决定转为职业人员。
使用turn时需注意:
(1)turn后面接名词作表语时,名词前不能使用任何冠词。如:
( × )She turned a teacher after graduating from college.
(?菁)She turned teacher after graduating from college. 或
(?菁)She became a teacher after graduating from college.
(2)形容词若是表示颜色的,常使用turn或go。如:
( × )On hearing the news, her face got grey.
(?菁)On hearing the news, her face turned (went) grey.
(3)turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如:
I just put the milk here for a few minutes. Why does it turn sour? 我刚把牛奶放在这里几分钟怎么就变酸了?
(4)turn可跟out连用构成另一个系动词,意思是“后来发现……”或“原来是……”,后面可接名词、形容词和不定式,不定式符号to可省略。如:
We all thought the exam was easy, but it turned out (to be) very difficult.我们都原以为考试很简单,但后来却发现非常难。
He turns out (to be) a leader of the company, which is quite out of our expectation. 他原来是公司的一名领导,这非常出乎我们的预料。
8. run
run作系动词使用时,也可表示“变成,成为,变得”(尤指不利的变化),后面一般只接形容词作表语。如:
It hadn’t rained for almost a month. The river ran dry (stopped flowing). 几乎有一个月没下雨了,河水都干了。
We’ve run short of milk. 我们的牛奶不够了。
使用run需注意:
(1)run作系动词时,后面一般接short, dry, low, deep等形容词,主语多为能流动、能消耗掉的东西。
(2)在表示“短缺”时,常与short of或out of构成词组,又如:
He hasn’t received any letter from home for a month. He has run out of his cost of living. 他已经有一个月没有收到家里的任何来信,他的生活费已经快用完了。
编辑/梁宇清