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1968年哈丁教授提出了“公地悲剧”这一概念,认为在公有产权制度下,多个权利持有者会依据自身利益最大化原则进行决策,导致公有资源被过度使用。1998年赫勒教授在其基础上提出“反公地悲剧”概念,认为当公共资源上产权过多,权利人相互制衡时,就会有资源虚置、效率低下的情况产生。“反公地悲剧”概念一经提出,便引发了学界的广泛关注。其内涵对产权理论、法经济学体系的完善、分析现实社会现象等具有重要的指导意义。“反公地悲剧”和《困局经济学》是赫勒的代表作。本文拟以此为基础分析“反公地悲剧”理论研究的脉络及其发展,并简要分析该理论的缺陷及其在相关研究领域的贡献。
In 1968, Professor Harding put forward the concept of “tragedy of the commons”, believing that under the public ownership system, multiple rights holders make decisions according to the principle of maximizing their own interests, leading to overuse of public resources. On 1998, Professor Heller put forward the concept of “tragedy against the commons” on the basis of it. He believes that when there are too many property rights in the public resources and the right holders are in check and balance with each other, there will be situations where the resources are idle and the efficiency is low. Once the concept of “anti-commons tragedy” has been put forward, it has aroused widespread concern in academia. Its connotation has important guiding significance to the theory of property rights, the perfection of the legal economics system and the analysis of the real social phenomena. “Anti-commons tragedy ” and “predicament economics ” is Heller’s masterpiece. Based on this, this paper analyzes the context and its development of the theoretical study of “anti-commons tragedy,” and briefly analyzes the defects of the theory and its contribution in related fields.