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单方修改合同条款是消费者在经常性交易中使用的重要条款之一。现代合同法通常不径直否定未经当事人具体同意的单方修改合同条款的效力。基于消费者保护的理念,该类条款的公平性需受程序规制和实质规制。程序规制要求经营者将该类条款订入合同并以通俗易懂的语言予以通知或公告。实质规制要求以诚信和公平交易原则评价该类条款,具体体现为其是否符合互惠性要求并提出有效理由以及为消费者提供自由的无成本退出机制。法律应创新单方修改合同条款公平的实现机制,如允许消费者群体诉讼、赋予消费者保护组织的诉讼权和创设法院发出禁令的权利。
Unilateral modifications to the terms of the contract are one of the important terms consumers use in recurring transactions. Modern contract law generally does not directly negate the validity of the unilateral modification of the contract without the specific consent of the parties. Based on the concept of consumer protection, the fairness of such clauses needs to be regulated by procedures and substantively regulated. Procedural regulations require that operators make such clauses in contracts and notify or announce them in plain language. Substantive regulation requires the evaluation of such clauses on the principle of good faith and fair dealing, in particular whether they comply with the requirements of reciprocity and provide valid reasons and provide consumers with a free, no-cost exit mechanism. The law should innovate and unilaterally modify the fairness of the contractual provisions, such as allowing consumers to sue in litigation, giving consumers the right to defend litigation and creating the court’s injunction.