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1 引言在本世纪40年代末50年代初,电子数字计算机刚刚问世的时候,科学和工程计算问题是它唯一的应用领域。50年后的今天,计算机无论在性能还是应用方面都有了突飞猛进的发展,但科学与工程计算仍然是它的重要应用领域之一,尤其是高性能计算机的主要应用领域。 70年代中期以后,出现了以Cray计算机系列为代表的超级计算机。随着可解问题规模的增大,计算本身成了科学研究工作中不可分割的一个重要部分,从而形成了独立于理论科学和实验科学之外的第三类科学,即计算科学(computational science)。计算科学与理论和实验科学的相互作用是很强的:理论科学提出数据模型供计算科学用数值方法解决,而这种
1 Introduction In the late 1940s and early 1950s, when electronic digital computers were first introduced, the issue of computing science and engineering was its only field of application. Fifty years from now, computers have made great strides in performance and application. However, science and engineering computing is still one of the most important applications, especially in high performance computers. Since the mid-1970s, there has been a supercomputer represented by the Cray computer series. As the scale of solvable problems increases, calculation itself becomes an integral part of scientific research, forming a third category of science independent of both theoretical and experimental sciences, computational science. . The interaction between computational science and theoretical and experimental science is strong: theoretical science proposes a data model for computational science to be solved numerically, and this