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◎规则梳理
一、“元音字母 r”音节
由“元音字母 r”所构成的音节一共有五个,即ar、 er、 ir、 or和ur。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.ar的读音
① ar一般读作/ɑ /。例如:
hard /hɑ d/, garden/? ɡɑ dn/, market/? mɑ k t/, park /pɑ k/, farm/fɑ m/, smart/smɑ t/, scarf/skɑ f/
②在音素/w/之后,ar读作/ /。例如:
war/w (r)/, warm/w m/, warmth/w mθ/,
warn/w n/
③在非重读音节中,ar读作/ /。例如:
dollar/? d l (r)/, popular/? p pj l (r)/, sugar
/? ? 尬ɡ (r)/, similar/? s m l (r)/
2.er的读音
①在重读音节中,er读作长元音/ /。例如:
her/h ( ) /, dessert/d z t /, prefer/pr f (r)/, person/? p sn/, service/? s v s/
【特例】在单词clerk中,er读作 /ɑ /。
②在非重读音节中,er读作短元音/ /。例如:
answer/? ɑ ns (r)/, computer/k m? pju t (r)/, daughter/? d t (r)/, concert/? k ns t/, shower
/? ? a (r)/, exercise/? eks sa z/, never/? nev (r)/,
percent/p ? sent/, proper/? pr p (r)/, sister/? s st (r)/
3.ir的讀音
一般情况下,ir都读作长元音的/ :/。例如:
bird/b d/, dirty/? d ti/, first/f st/, shirt/? 誻 t/, thirty/? θ ti/, birthday/? b θde /, girl/ɡ l/, sir/s (r)/
4.or的读音
①在重读音节中,or常读作/ /。例如:
sport/sp t/, morning/? m n 耷/, born/b n/,
important/ m? p tnt/, north/n θ/
【特例】airport中的or在非重读音节里,但也发/ /。
②在音素/w/之后,or读作长元音/ /。例如:
word/w d/, worse/w s/, worker/? w k (r)/, world/w ld/, worth/w θ/
③在非重读音节中,or发短元音的/ /。例如:
color/? k l (r)/, actor/? ?覸kt (r)/, neighborhood
/? ne b h d/, forget/f ? ɡet/
5.ur的读音
①在重读音节中,ur读作长元音/ /。例如:
Thursday/? θ zde /, survey/? s ve /, turkey
/? t ki/, nurse/n s/, purple/? p pl/,
②在非重读音节中,ur读作短元音/ /。例如:
Saturday/? s?覸t de /, surpised/s ? pra zd/,
yogurt/? j ɡ t/
【注意】当元音字母后面有两个r时,我们不能把其中的“元音字母 r”看作?鄄r音节,而只能当作元音字母在重读闭音节中的发音,因此hurry中的u读
/ /、carrot 中的a读/?覸/、sorry中的o读 / /、worry中的o读/ /。
二、“元音字母组合 r”音节
由“元音字母组合 r”所构成的音节常见的有七个,即air、ear、eer、eir、oar、oor和our。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.air 常读作/e /。例如:
airport/? e p t/, chair/t? e (r)/, pair/pe (r)/,
repair/r pe (r)/, fair/fe (r)/, stair(楼梯)/ste (r)/
2.ear常读作/ /,有时也读作/ /或者/e /。例如:
dear/d (r)/, near/n /, early/? li/, learn/l n/,
research/r s t? /, bear/be (r)/, wear/we (r)/
【特例】在单词heart中,ear读作/ɑ /。
3.eer常读作/ /。例如:
beer/b (r)/, deer/d (r)/, volunteer/?謣v l n? t (r)/, engineer/?謣end?廾 n (r)/, cheer/t? 奘 (r)/, peer/p (r)/
4.eir常读作/e /,偶尔读作/ /。例如:
their/?奁e (r) /, heirship(继承权)/? e ? 奘p/, weir(拦河坝)/w (r) /,keir(染缸)/k / 5.oar常读作/ /。例如:
board /b d/, aboard(在船上;在飞机上)/ ? b d/, coarse(粗糙的;粗俗的)/k s/
6.oor常讀作/ /。例如:
floor/fl (r)/, door/d /, moor(荒野)/m (r)/
7.our通常读作/ /,有时也读作/a /或/ /。例如:
four/f (r)/, fourteen/?謣f ti n/, pour/p (r)/, your
/j (r)/, yours/j z/, yourself/j ? self/, our/? a (r)/, hour/? a (r)/, tour/t (r)/
三、“元音字母 re”音节
由“元音字母 re”所构成的音节一共有五个,即are、ere、ire、ore和ure。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.are通常读作/e /,有时也读作/e r/。例如:
care/ke (r)/, share/? e (r)/, spare/spe (r)/, dare/de (r)/, parent/? pe r nt/
【特例】单词are读作/ɑ /或者/ /。
2.ere通常发/e /,有时也读作/ /。例如:
there/?奁e (r)/, where/we (r)/, here /h /, fere(伴侣)/f /
3.ire常读作/a /。例如:
tired/? ta d/, fire/fa (r)/, admire(钦佩;赞美)
/ d? ma (r)/, ceasefire(停火;停战)/? si:sfa (r)/
4.ore一般只读作/ /。例如:
before/b f (r)/, store/st (r)/, more/m (r)/, bore/b (r)/, chore/t? 蘅 (r)/, sore/s (r)/
5.ure在重读音节中常读作双元音/ /,在非重读音节中却发短音/ /。例如:
sure/? 尬 (r)/, ensure/ n? ? 尬 (r)/, picture/? p kt? (r)/, lecture/? lekt? (r)/, temperature/? tempr t? (r)/
◎专项小练
根据r音节的一般读音规律,给出下列单词中画线部分的读音。
1.pork 2.hard 3.short
4.term 5.later 6.forward
7.chair 8.daughter 9.dear
10.earth 11.pioneer 12.course
13.party 14.towards 15.hair
16.dare 17.more 18.pleasure
19.work 20.doctor 21.thirsty
22.where 23.culture 24.fear
25.grammar 26.keyboard 27.score
28.skirt
(答案见第64页)
一、“元音字母 r”音节
由“元音字母 r”所构成的音节一共有五个,即ar、 er、 ir、 or和ur。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.ar的读音
① ar一般读作/ɑ /。例如:
hard /hɑ d/, garden/? ɡɑ dn/, market/? mɑ k t/, park /pɑ k/, farm/fɑ m/, smart/smɑ t/, scarf/skɑ f/
②在音素/w/之后,ar读作/ /。例如:
war/w (r)/, warm/w m/, warmth/w mθ/,
warn/w n/
③在非重读音节中,ar读作/ /。例如:
dollar/? d l (r)/, popular/? p pj l (r)/, sugar
/? ? 尬ɡ (r)/, similar/? s m l (r)/
2.er的读音
①在重读音节中,er读作长元音/ /。例如:
her/h ( ) /, dessert/d z t /, prefer/pr f (r)/, person/? p sn/, service/? s v s/
【特例】在单词clerk中,er读作 /ɑ /。
②在非重读音节中,er读作短元音/ /。例如:
answer/? ɑ ns (r)/, computer/k m? pju t (r)/, daughter/? d t (r)/, concert/? k ns t/, shower
/? ? a (r)/, exercise/? eks sa z/, never/? nev (r)/,
percent/p ? sent/, proper/? pr p (r)/, sister/? s st (r)/
3.ir的讀音
一般情况下,ir都读作长元音的/ :/。例如:
bird/b d/, dirty/? d ti/, first/f st/, shirt/? 誻 t/, thirty/? θ ti/, birthday/? b θde /, girl/ɡ l/, sir/s (r)/
4.or的读音
①在重读音节中,or常读作/ /。例如:
sport/sp t/, morning/? m n 耷/, born/b n/,
important/ m? p tnt/, north/n θ/
【特例】airport中的or在非重读音节里,但也发/ /。
②在音素/w/之后,or读作长元音/ /。例如:
word/w d/, worse/w s/, worker/? w k (r)/, world/w ld/, worth/w θ/
③在非重读音节中,or发短元音的/ /。例如:
color/? k l (r)/, actor/? ?覸kt (r)/, neighborhood
/? ne b h d/, forget/f ? ɡet/
5.ur的读音
①在重读音节中,ur读作长元音/ /。例如:
Thursday/? θ zde /, survey/? s ve /, turkey
/? t ki/, nurse/n s/, purple/? p pl/,
②在非重读音节中,ur读作短元音/ /。例如:
Saturday/? s?覸t de /, surpised/s ? pra zd/,
yogurt/? j ɡ t/
【注意】当元音字母后面有两个r时,我们不能把其中的“元音字母 r”看作?鄄r音节,而只能当作元音字母在重读闭音节中的发音,因此hurry中的u读
/ /、carrot 中的a读/?覸/、sorry中的o读 / /、worry中的o读/ /。
二、“元音字母组合 r”音节
由“元音字母组合 r”所构成的音节常见的有七个,即air、ear、eer、eir、oar、oor和our。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.air 常读作/e /。例如:
airport/? e p t/, chair/t? e (r)/, pair/pe (r)/,
repair/r pe (r)/, fair/fe (r)/, stair(楼梯)/ste (r)/
2.ear常读作/ /,有时也读作/ /或者/e /。例如:
dear/d (r)/, near/n /, early/? li/, learn/l n/,
research/r s t? /, bear/be (r)/, wear/we (r)/
【特例】在单词heart中,ear读作/ɑ /。
3.eer常读作/ /。例如:
beer/b (r)/, deer/d (r)/, volunteer/?謣v l n? t (r)/, engineer/?謣end?廾 n (r)/, cheer/t? 奘 (r)/, peer/p (r)/
4.eir常读作/e /,偶尔读作/ /。例如:
their/?奁e (r) /, heirship(继承权)/? e ? 奘p/, weir(拦河坝)/w (r) /,keir(染缸)/k / 5.oar常读作/ /。例如:
board /b d/, aboard(在船上;在飞机上)/ ? b d/, coarse(粗糙的;粗俗的)/k s/
6.oor常讀作/ /。例如:
floor/fl (r)/, door/d /, moor(荒野)/m (r)/
7.our通常读作/ /,有时也读作/a /或/ /。例如:
four/f (r)/, fourteen/?謣f ti n/, pour/p (r)/, your
/j (r)/, yours/j z/, yourself/j ? self/, our/? a (r)/, hour/? a (r)/, tour/t (r)/
三、“元音字母 re”音节
由“元音字母 re”所构成的音节一共有五个,即are、ere、ire、ore和ure。它们在单词中的读音规则如下:
1.are通常读作/e /,有时也读作/e r/。例如:
care/ke (r)/, share/? e (r)/, spare/spe (r)/, dare/de (r)/, parent/? pe r nt/
【特例】单词are读作/ɑ /或者/ /。
2.ere通常发/e /,有时也读作/ /。例如:
there/?奁e (r)/, where/we (r)/, here /h /, fere(伴侣)/f /
3.ire常读作/a /。例如:
tired/? ta d/, fire/fa (r)/, admire(钦佩;赞美)
/ d? ma (r)/, ceasefire(停火;停战)/? si:sfa (r)/
4.ore一般只读作/ /。例如:
before/b f (r)/, store/st (r)/, more/m (r)/, bore/b (r)/, chore/t? 蘅 (r)/, sore/s (r)/
5.ure在重读音节中常读作双元音/ /,在非重读音节中却发短音/ /。例如:
sure/? 尬 (r)/, ensure/ n? ? 尬 (r)/, picture/? p kt? (r)/, lecture/? lekt? (r)/, temperature/? tempr t? (r)/
◎专项小练
根据r音节的一般读音规律,给出下列单词中画线部分的读音。
1.pork 2.hard 3.short
4.term 5.later 6.forward
7.chair 8.daughter 9.dear
10.earth 11.pioneer 12.course
13.party 14.towards 15.hair
16.dare 17.more 18.pleasure
19.work 20.doctor 21.thirsty
22.where 23.culture 24.fear
25.grammar 26.keyboard 27.score
28.skirt
(答案见第64页)