论文部分内容阅读
在平时的阅读中我们可能会有这样的体验，文章的精彩之处常常通过收尾段落来体现。而命题人也常常利用收尾段段落设置一些细节归纳题、文章主旨题、结构判断题或事实阐述题。因此，细读文章的收尾段对正确解题会起着极其重要的作用。本文对2010年全国高考卷的部分阅读理解题作一简单的剖析，望能对学生正确解题提供微薄帮助。
◆ 一、利用收尾段判断细节
在一些阅读文章中作者常常会利用收尾的段落而阐述文中所提到的一些细节。因此，认真阅读其收尾段能有助于学生明确作者是通过什么细节来展开论述的。收尾段常常能将文章中的叙述进行综合，让人探究事物的来龙去脉，起到画龙点睛之作用。如：
1. During the drier months between December and March, hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes. (2010 全国卷C)
根据该收尾段落作者设置这样一道题：
Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
A. To find more food.
B. To protect themselves better
C. To keep themselves warm
D. To produce their young.
【解析】该文主要讲述了一种生活在亚马逊丛林中的特殊鸟类。根据其尾段所提供的信息可以得知，它们在雨季聚集在一起是为了繁殖后代，因此该题的正确答案应为D。
◆ 二、利用收尾段阐明观点
有时在一些文章中作者的态度或观点常常会通过收尾段落来点明， 通过对事物发生的原因以及造成的后果进行分析，利用收尾段对某种现象进行客观的评价，让读者明了该如何正确对待。如：
1. For these reasons, I believe that lawmakers need to legislate against spam. Spammers should be fined, and perhaps sent to prison if they continue to disturb people. E-mail is a tool which helps people all over the world to communicate conveniently, but spam is destroying this convenience. (2010 陕西卷D)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What is the purpose of the text?
A. To inform.
B. To educate.
C. To persuade.
D. To instruct.
该文主要列举了垃圾邮件泛滥的原因和造成的结果。在文章的收尾段作者劝说那些滥发电子邮件的人停止这一行为，不要损害他人利益来推销他们的产品，并呼吁政府颁布法律来禁止泛滥发邮件。通过此收尾段落，作者的观点一目了然，由此判断该题的正确答案应为C。
2. Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide. (2010 福建卷B)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What would be the best title for this passage?
A. TV Will Rule the World.
B. TV Will Disturb the World.
C. TV Will Better the World.
D. TV Will Remain in the World.
【解析】该文通过翔实的数据告诉我们电视在人们的生活中依然起着非常重要的作用。在文章的收尾段作者明确地表明了自己的观点，所以该题的正确答案应为C。
◆ 三、利用收尾段阐述事实
在一些文章中作者常常通过收尾段来阐明某个道理，让人们从中悟出事物的真相。作者常常在文章中通过一系列的事实来详叙某种现象的对与错，从而让人感悟到也许生活中微不足道的小事也会给其造成极大的影响。如：
1. Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning. (2010 辽宁卷A)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
1. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?
A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.
B. Health is more important than money.
C. The harmony between man and nature is important.
D. Good old days will never be forgotten.
【解析】该文主要论述了村民们为了赚钱而大量捕杀青蛙，从而引起了一系列的恶果。由文章的收尾段可以看出，青蛙对农民的生活起着重要的作用，虽然村民们的生活依然贫困，可是他们认识到了青蛙的重要作用，这表明人与自然的和谐是非常重要的，由此而判断该题的正确答案应为C。
2. There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realise just how much unnecessary material we are collecting. We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb. (2010 山东卷B)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Fighting wastefulness is difficult.
B. Needless material is most recycled.
C. People like collecting recyclable wastes.
D. The author is proud of their consumer culture.
【解析】该文主要论述了回收与再利用时需要考虑的问题。根据文章的收尾段以及最后一句话可知，我们必须直面我们消费文化中的浪费问题，然而这一问题的解决还有很长的路要走，句中的climb实际上与选项中的difficult有异曲同工的作用，由此可以判断道路是漫长的，故正确答案应为A。
◆ 四、利用收尾段确定结论
某些文章常常利用收尾段来对全文进行总结从而得出结论。这样的收尾段常常能针对文章中所提及事物或人物经过分析、综合形成某个定义，从而引人深思。如：
1. In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Esterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. (2010 湖南卷C)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul.
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotion.
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills.
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding.
【解析】该文主要论述了一项新的研究表明，东西方在理解人的面部表情方面存在差异。在收尾段用In short来进行概述这些差异性是因为不同文化而造成的，如果不了解这一点就会引起交际的障碍，从而导致交际的失败。从收尾段的叙述可以确定该题的正确答案应为B。
2. The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet for our sense of wonders then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see these worlds, in a broad, are really part of our own. (2010 重庆卷E)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
If our sense of wonder relies totally on the world of make-believe, we will___。
A. fail to appreciate the joy in our lives
B. be confused by the world of make-believe
C. miss the chance to recognize the fantasy world
D. be trapped by other worlds existing all around us
【解析】通过该文的收尾段可以看出，虚幻世界并非是坏事，但过度依赖虚幻世界而忽略自己身边的真实世界就会错失很多欣赏现实生活乐趣的机会，由此可以判断只有A项切题。
◆ 五、利用收尾段点明主题
在一些阅读文章中作者往往会通过收尾段来点明文章的主题，尽管有时文章内容会错综复杂，话语的内涵意义不易被人理解，但通过收尾段可以明确其主题意义，给人豁然开朗的感觉。如：
1. The chain-link fencing and the bulldozers did their work. Now we live across the street from six rows of apartment buildings. Each of them is three units high and stretches a block in each direction. The neighborhood has changes without the park. The streets I used to play in are jammed with cars now. Things will never be the same again. Sometimes I wonder, though, what changes another drought would make in the way things are today. (2010 浙江卷D)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
The last sentence of the passage implies that if another drought came,___。
A. the situation would be much worse
B. people would have to desert their homes
C. the city would be fully prepared in advance
D. the city would have to redevelop the neighborhood
【解析】该文通过对城市公园消失的感慨，反映了作者对自然环境恶化过程中人为因素的担忧。从文章的收尾段可知，如果再有一场干旱来临的话，情况将变得更糟糕。文章的主题即作者的忧虑之情在收尾段得到充分的体现，由此可判断该题的正确答案为A。
2. Give your children permission to succeed. They’re waiting for you to believe in them. I always knew my parents loved me. But trust me: That belief will be more complete, that love will be more real, and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts: “Don’t worry; you’ll do something great.” Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back. （2010 安徽卷D）
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
The main purpose of the text is to___。
A. describe children’s thinking
B. answer some questions children have
C. stress the importance of communication
D. advise parents to encourage their children
【解析】该文通过作者切身的体验认为孩子不惧怕失败，他们害怕的是让父母失望。孩子需要的是父母的鼓励和信任。文章的收尾段升华了文章的主题，根据该段的内容可知本文的主要目的是建议父母鼓励他们的孩子，因此该题的正确答案应选择D。
通过上面对收尾段几种类型的阐述可以看出，有时文章的精华之处恰恰就在于其最后的段落。作者往往会通过不同的论述在文章的末尾加以验证或阐述，因此认真阅读文章的收尾段对正确理解全文的大意会起着至关重要的作用。作者的观点、事物的结论、文章的主题也许就在收尾段中得以展现。
（作者：单海鹏,江苏省海安县实验中学）
高考考场发现时间来不及了怎么办
考场上发现时间来不及了，考生无一例外会紧张：“不好了，时间来不及了。”但紧张的程度有大小，如果考生在考前就做好考场上可能会发生任何意想不到的事情的心理准备，紧张的程度会小一些；调节紧张的心理状况所用的时间也会少一些。
考生在考场上发现时间不够用，紧张是正常的。但考生不能因为紧张就不知所措，考生第一需要做的是调整紧张心态，消除紧张情绪，可以这样安慰自己：“我已经做了这么多了，剩下的毕竟是少数，我做得慢，自然准确率就高。”“我来不及，别人也会是这样。”调整好自己的情绪后，想想答题卡有没有填好?如果没有填，先填答题卡，并耐心检查一遍。再整体看一看还有几道题目没有做，它们的难易如何，各题的分值是多少，如果做，需要多长时间。接着根据所剩的时间来安排，正常情况是先做容易的、花时间少的题目，如果题目的分值比较高，又是自己能做的，那要首先考虑将它做出来。发现时间来不及时，往往还剩一两道甚至两三道大题目，这时最忌讳的是按顺序在一道题目上花大量的时间去思考，这样常常是这一道没有做出来，而容易的题目连看都没来得及看，以致吃了大亏。采取的最佳做法应该是，每道题目中，将你一下子就能做出来的部分都做一做，这样花时间少，而且改卷子时是按步给分，你会在很短的时间内，得比较多的分。如果做完这些还有时间多，再依次做相对容易的题目。倘若剩下的是想一时半会儿也做不出的题目，要学会放弃，将剩下的时间用来检查，将更有利于你得分。
◆ 一、利用收尾段判断细节
在一些阅读文章中作者常常会利用收尾的段落而阐述文中所提到的一些细节。因此，认真阅读其收尾段能有助于学生明确作者是通过什么细节来展开论述的。收尾段常常能将文章中的叙述进行综合，让人探究事物的来龙去脉，起到画龙点睛之作用。如：
1. During the drier months between December and March, hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes. (2010 全国卷C)
根据该收尾段落作者设置这样一道题：
Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
A. To find more food.
B. To protect themselves better
C. To keep themselves warm
D. To produce their young.
【解析】该文主要讲述了一种生活在亚马逊丛林中的特殊鸟类。根据其尾段所提供的信息可以得知，它们在雨季聚集在一起是为了繁殖后代，因此该题的正确答案应为D。
◆ 二、利用收尾段阐明观点
有时在一些文章中作者的态度或观点常常会通过收尾段落来点明， 通过对事物发生的原因以及造成的后果进行分析，利用收尾段对某种现象进行客观的评价，让读者明了该如何正确对待。如：
1. For these reasons, I believe that lawmakers need to legislate against spam. Spammers should be fined, and perhaps sent to prison if they continue to disturb people. E-mail is a tool which helps people all over the world to communicate conveniently, but spam is destroying this convenience. (2010 陕西卷D)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What is the purpose of the text?
A. To inform.
B. To educate.
C. To persuade.
D. To instruct.
该文主要列举了垃圾邮件泛滥的原因和造成的结果。在文章的收尾段作者劝说那些滥发电子邮件的人停止这一行为，不要损害他人利益来推销他们的产品，并呼吁政府颁布法律来禁止泛滥发邮件。通过此收尾段落，作者的观点一目了然，由此判断该题的正确答案应为C。
2. Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide. (2010 福建卷B)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What would be the best title for this passage?
A. TV Will Rule the World.
B. TV Will Disturb the World.
C. TV Will Better the World.
D. TV Will Remain in the World.
【解析】该文通过翔实的数据告诉我们电视在人们的生活中依然起着非常重要的作用。在文章的收尾段作者明确地表明了自己的观点，所以该题的正确答案应为C。
◆ 三、利用收尾段阐述事实
在一些文章中作者常常通过收尾段来阐明某个道理，让人们从中悟出事物的真相。作者常常在文章中通过一系列的事实来详叙某种现象的对与错，从而让人感悟到也许生活中微不足道的小事也会给其造成极大的影响。如：
1. Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning. (2010 辽宁卷A)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
1. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?
A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.
B. Health is more important than money.
C. The harmony between man and nature is important.
D. Good old days will never be forgotten.
【解析】该文主要论述了村民们为了赚钱而大量捕杀青蛙，从而引起了一系列的恶果。由文章的收尾段可以看出，青蛙对农民的生活起着重要的作用，虽然村民们的生活依然贫困，可是他们认识到了青蛙的重要作用，这表明人与自然的和谐是非常重要的，由此而判断该题的正确答案应为C。
2. There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realise just how much unnecessary material we are collecting. We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb. (2010 山东卷B)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Fighting wastefulness is difficult.
B. Needless material is most recycled.
C. People like collecting recyclable wastes.
D. The author is proud of their consumer culture.
【解析】该文主要论述了回收与再利用时需要考虑的问题。根据文章的收尾段以及最后一句话可知，我们必须直面我们消费文化中的浪费问题，然而这一问题的解决还有很长的路要走，句中的climb实际上与选项中的difficult有异曲同工的作用，由此可以判断道路是漫长的，故正确答案应为A。
◆ 四、利用收尾段确定结论
某些文章常常利用收尾段来对全文进行总结从而得出结论。这样的收尾段常常能针对文章中所提及事物或人物经过分析、综合形成某个定义，从而引人深思。如：
1. In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Esterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. (2010 湖南卷C)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul.
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotion.
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills.
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding.
【解析】该文主要论述了一项新的研究表明，东西方在理解人的面部表情方面存在差异。在收尾段用In short来进行概述这些差异性是因为不同文化而造成的，如果不了解这一点就会引起交际的障碍，从而导致交际的失败。从收尾段的叙述可以确定该题的正确答案应为B。
2. The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet for our sense of wonders then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see these worlds, in a broad, are really part of our own. (2010 重庆卷E)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
If our sense of wonder relies totally on the world of make-believe, we will___。
A. fail to appreciate the joy in our lives
B. be confused by the world of make-believe
C. miss the chance to recognize the fantasy world
D. be trapped by other worlds existing all around us
【解析】通过该文的收尾段可以看出，虚幻世界并非是坏事，但过度依赖虚幻世界而忽略自己身边的真实世界就会错失很多欣赏现实生活乐趣的机会，由此可以判断只有A项切题。
◆ 五、利用收尾段点明主题
在一些阅读文章中作者往往会通过收尾段来点明文章的主题，尽管有时文章内容会错综复杂，话语的内涵意义不易被人理解，但通过收尾段可以明确其主题意义，给人豁然开朗的感觉。如：
1. The chain-link fencing and the bulldozers did their work. Now we live across the street from six rows of apartment buildings. Each of them is three units high and stretches a block in each direction. The neighborhood has changes without the park. The streets I used to play in are jammed with cars now. Things will never be the same again. Sometimes I wonder, though, what changes another drought would make in the way things are today. (2010 浙江卷D)
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
The last sentence of the passage implies that if another drought came,___。
A. the situation would be much worse
B. people would have to desert their homes
C. the city would be fully prepared in advance
D. the city would have to redevelop the neighborhood
【解析】该文通过对城市公园消失的感慨，反映了作者对自然环境恶化过程中人为因素的担忧。从文章的收尾段可知，如果再有一场干旱来临的话，情况将变得更糟糕。文章的主题即作者的忧虑之情在收尾段得到充分的体现，由此可判断该题的正确答案为A。
2. Give your children permission to succeed. They’re waiting for you to believe in them. I always knew my parents loved me. But trust me: That belief will be more complete, that love will be more real, and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts: “Don’t worry; you’ll do something great.” Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back. （2010 安徽卷D）
根据该文的主要内容作者设置这样一道题：
The main purpose of the text is to___。
A. describe children’s thinking
B. answer some questions children have
C. stress the importance of communication
D. advise parents to encourage their children
【解析】该文通过作者切身的体验认为孩子不惧怕失败，他们害怕的是让父母失望。孩子需要的是父母的鼓励和信任。文章的收尾段升华了文章的主题，根据该段的内容可知本文的主要目的是建议父母鼓励他们的孩子，因此该题的正确答案应选择D。
通过上面对收尾段几种类型的阐述可以看出，有时文章的精华之处恰恰就在于其最后的段落。作者往往会通过不同的论述在文章的末尾加以验证或阐述，因此认真阅读文章的收尾段对正确理解全文的大意会起着至关重要的作用。作者的观点、事物的结论、文章的主题也许就在收尾段中得以展现。
（作者：单海鹏,江苏省海安县实验中学）
高考考场发现时间来不及了怎么办
考场上发现时间来不及了，考生无一例外会紧张：“不好了，时间来不及了。”但紧张的程度有大小，如果考生在考前就做好考场上可能会发生任何意想不到的事情的心理准备，紧张的程度会小一些；调节紧张的心理状况所用的时间也会少一些。
考生在考场上发现时间不够用，紧张是正常的。但考生不能因为紧张就不知所措，考生第一需要做的是调整紧张心态，消除紧张情绪，可以这样安慰自己：“我已经做了这么多了，剩下的毕竟是少数，我做得慢，自然准确率就高。”“我来不及，别人也会是这样。”调整好自己的情绪后，想想答题卡有没有填好?如果没有填，先填答题卡，并耐心检查一遍。再整体看一看还有几道题目没有做，它们的难易如何，各题的分值是多少，如果做，需要多长时间。接着根据所剩的时间来安排，正常情况是先做容易的、花时间少的题目，如果题目的分值比较高，又是自己能做的，那要首先考虑将它做出来。发现时间来不及时，往往还剩一两道甚至两三道大题目，这时最忌讳的是按顺序在一道题目上花大量的时间去思考，这样常常是这一道没有做出来，而容易的题目连看都没来得及看，以致吃了大亏。采取的最佳做法应该是，每道题目中，将你一下子就能做出来的部分都做一做，这样花时间少，而且改卷子时是按步给分，你会在很短的时间内，得比较多的分。如果做完这些还有时间多，再依次做相对容易的题目。倘若剩下的是想一时半会儿也做不出的题目，要学会放弃，将剩下的时间用来检查，将更有利于你得分。