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正渗透(Forward osmosis,FO)技术是一种由渗透压驱动的膜技术,与传统的机械压力驱动的膜技术相比,具有出水水质高、能耗低、操作压力小、设备简单易操作、污染小等特点,近年来在水和废水处理的研究领域受到越来越多的关注.但FO技术目前仍然存在一些问题,如浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理等,使之目前仍未得到广泛的应用.本文对已有FO技术的相关文献进行较为全面系统的归纳,介绍了FO技术的原理,以及在海水脱盐、市政污水处理、特种废水处理等领域的应用,讨论了影响FO运行的主要因素(主要包括FO膜、汲取液、原水性质和运行条件等方面),并着重阐述了FO技术目前存在的问题(浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理).最后,对FO技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.
Forward osmosis (FO) technology is a kind of membrane technology driven by osmotic pressure. Compared with the traditional membrane technology driven by mechanical pressure, it has high water quality, low energy consumption, low operating pressure, and simple and easy operation of equipment. The characteristics of small pollution have attracted more and more attention in the research field of water and wastewater treatment in recent years. However, there are still some problems in FO technology, such as concentration polarization, membrane fouling, backwashing of liquid solute, and backwashing of liquids. Processing, etc., has not yet been widely used. This article has a more comprehensive and systematic summary of existing FO technology related literature, introduced the principle of FO technology, and in the seawater desalination, municipal sewage treatment, special wastewater treatment and other fields The application discussed the main factors affecting the operation of the FO (mainly including the FO membrane, extractant, raw water properties and operating conditions, etc.), and focused on the current problems of the FO technology (concentration polarization, membrane fouling, extractant The solute backmixing and post-treatment of the extractant. Finally, the future research and development direction of FO technology is given.