一 简说“文化”与“文明” 首先我想略为厘清一下“文化”和“文明”这些词汇的含义。对这些含义,古今中外已有了好些不同的说法,尤其是十八世纪以後,哲学家、社会学家和史学家,往往用法不一,我在这里不多加分析。现在中文多把英文culture译作“文化”,把civilization译作“文明”,可能是从日文翻译传来。有时也两者互译。欧美讨论culture一词的,都认 A Brief Review of “Culture” and “Civilization” First of all, I would like to clarify the meaning of the words “culture” and “civilization.” To these meanings, there have been many different opinions at all times and in all countries. Especially after the eighteenth century, philosophers, sociologists and historians often used different approaches. I will not analyze here more. Now in Chinese more English culture is translated as “culture” and the text translated as “civilized” may be translated from Japanese. Sometimes both translate. Europe and the United States to discuss the term culture, all recognize