论文部分内容阅读
本文提供了一种原创的计算,用以说明牲畜的产业化生产和国际贸易所耗费的全球土地、水资源和氮的利用量,重点分析了两个增长最快的部门——猪肉业和家禽业。本文分析的重点主要集中在饲料和动物产品的国际贸易上,利用一个新的模型计算了生产中所需的虚拟水、虚拟氮和虚拟土地资源的数量,但本文没有涉及嵌入在产品中的水、氮和土地数量。我们阐明了主要的肉类进口国,像日本,是如何从虚拟水、虚拟氮和虚拟土地资源的贸易中受益的,主要的肉类出口国,像巴西,提供了这些商品,而相应的环境成本却并未得到真正的补偿。模型的模拟结果显示,由于猪肉和鸡肉的进口,日本获得的虚拟土地资源相当于日本耕地总面积的50%,而虚拟氮总量的一半留在了美国。巴西向中国出口饲料和肉类产品,相当于中国将15%的虚拟氮留在了巴西。巴西有20%的土地面积种植用于出口的大豆。由于美国和荷兰既是肉类进口国又是出口国,具有双重身份,有关肉类产品、饲料、水、氮的贸易来往相当复杂。要减轻牲畜的产业化生产和贸易对环境带来的破坏,需要多种措施相结合,包括直接纠正价格、采用管理途径和最佳的经营方式等。本文分析显示,如果这些措施都得以实现,水资源和氮利用效率将会提高,土地得到保护,资源成本将明显降低。
This article provides an original calculation to illustrate the global land, water and nitrogen use of livestock for industrial production and international trade, with an emphasis on the two fastest growing sectors - pork and poultry industry. The main focus of this paper is on international trade of feed and animal products, and a new model is used to calculate the amount of virtual, virtual nitrogen and virtual land resources required for production. However, this article does not cover water embedded in products , Nitrogen and land quantity. We illustrate how major importing countries such as Japan, which benefit from the trade in virtual water, virtual nitrogen and virtual land resources, are the main exporters of meat, such as Brazil, that offer these goods while the corresponding environment The cost has not been real compensation. Simulation results of the model show that due to the importation of pork and chicken, Japan obtained about 50% of the total arable land in Japan, while the remaining virtual nitrogen remained in the United States. Brazil exports feed and meat products to China, equivalent to 15% of China’s virtual nitrogen remaining in Brazil. Brazil has 20% of the land planted with soybeans for export. Since the United States and the Netherlands are both importers and exporters of meat, they have a dual identity. The trade related to meat products, feed, water and nitrogen is complex. To reduce the environmental damage caused by industrialized production and trade of livestock requires a combination of measures, including the direct correction of prices, the adoption of management approaches and the best management practices. This analysis shows that if all these measures are implemented, the water and nitrogen use efficiency will increase, the land will be protected and the resource cost will be significantly reduced.