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摘 要:定语从句是高中英语语法的重点之一,是高考的重要考查项目,但许多学生在学习的时候觉得很吃力,因此讲解定语从句,尤其是它的疑难点对于提高学生的自信心是很重要的,本文着重对定语从句的疑难点进行分析,以期达到帮助高中生答疑解惑的效果。)
关键词:高中英语;定语从句;关系代词;介词提前
一、定语从句关系代词as和which要分清
高中生在学定语从句的时候,对于as和which的区别常常感到头疼,因此区别as和which是极为重要的。
1.名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which。例如:Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
2.as可以指代后面的整个句子,which不能,例如: As is knwn to all,failure is the mother of success.在该句中 关系代词as不能用which来代替。which如果指代前面整句话则只能放在前面这句话的后面,例如:He entered Beijing university,which is one of the best universities in China.
3.当关系代词指代前面的整个句子,又可以翻译为“正如”,要选用as不能用which。which指代前面整句的时候没有“正如”之意,例如:They won the first place, as all the students had expected.正如所有学生所预料的,他们赢得了第一名。As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.就像大家都知道的那样,他是一个二十世纪八十年代的著名电影明星。the same...as表示相似或同类的东西;the same...that表示同一人或物。[1]
二、关系代词that和which的用法有区别
1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时,或先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时关系代词只能用that,例如:He told me everything that he knew.又如All the books that you offered has been given out.如果定语从句先行词的前面有序数词ordinal number或者形容词的最高级the highest level of adjective,那么这个时候只能用关系代词that,不能有which,其目的是為了表示强调,引起注意,例如:The most colorful butterfly that I saw last year was in this mountain.另外,当定语从句的先行词前面出现像the same,the last,the very,the only, 这四个the 引导的词语,这时毫无疑问也要用关系代词that,不能用which,同样是为了表示强调、突出,例如:The very book that I want to borrow from the library has already borrowed by Sammy.
口诀记忆 :关系代词用that不用which
先行有人又有物,要用that不耽误。 (She often thinks of the villagers and farmland that you talk about.)
不定代词最可恶,要用that来督促。 (All that she said was wrong.)
序数词,最高级, 用that一定不着急。 (This is the best movie that I have ever seen.)
The same ,the very,the only用 that就是有道理。(This is the only pen that she has.)
2.在定语从句中也存在一些情况只能用关系代词which而不用关系代词that。
(1) 如果定语从句的关系代词和前面先行词之间有逗号,这时该句称之为非限制性定语从句,关系代词只能用that,不能用which,例如:I can not find the magazine, which I borrowed from the library last week.
(2)在定语从句中关系代词前面有介词,那么毫无疑义不能选用that,如果是指物并且关系代词在从句中充当主语或宾语、表语,这时关系代词一定要用which,例如:I live in the room, the windows of which face south.
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有差异
当定语从句和先行词关系十分密切,它们之间没有逗号隔开,这种定语从句就叫做限制性定语从句,如果去掉从句意思就变得不完整,此时定语从句的使用是为了让先行词表达得更明确、具体。例如:The accident happened at the time when I left.
定语从句中如果关系代词或关系副词和前面有先行词有逗号隔开,那么这种从句就叫做非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句是对先行词的解释说明,它和先行词的关系比较松散,不是十分密切。非限制性定语从句和主句之间用逗号分开, 相当于一个插入语, 不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。例如:His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.高考最常考查的非限制性定语从句引导词是 which或who. [2] 四、定语从句中介词提前要谨慎
在定语从句中,关系代词在从句中充当宾语,并且定语从句里的谓语动词是不及物动词,这时该谓语动词势必要带一个介词才能把意思表达完整。一般情况下不及物动词后面紧跟着一个介词,但在定语从句中为了使句子结构看起来是平衡的,常常会把介词放在关系代词的前面,此种情况在英语教学中称之为“介词提前”,例如:The university in which he once studied is very famous.他曾经读过的大学很出名。在这个句子中关系代词which是不可以改为 that的,另外who前面也不能放介词。介词提前有以下几种情况。
1.介词放在whose前的定语从句。这种定语从句需要弄清whose后面的名词与定语从句先行词的关系。He is the student to whose father I talked last Sunday.他就是那个上个星期日我与其父谈话的学生。要注意father和student的关系,这是该学生的父亲。whose在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用of which代替,指人时可用of whom代替。[3]
2.介词放在which,whom前的定语从句。这种定语从句出现的概率很高。例如:She lives in a village at the back of which is a mountain. 她住在后面有一座山的村子。She has many classmates,the tallest of whom is Xiaoming. 她有许多同学,其中最高的是小明。
定语从句的介词提前是为了让句子的结构更匀称,不会显得头重脚轻,但有些短语比较固定,一般不需要拆开,比如:look for,look after等,例如:This is the watch which/that I am looking for.另外需注意what不是关系代词,what在从句中指代后面作宾语或主语不指代前面的内容,如果what要指代前面所提的事物,what前面有句号。例子:I don't know what she wants to buy.She talked a lot. I don't know what she was talking about.
五、定语从句和其它从句需分清
1. 定语从句与同位语从句的差异:同位语从句与定语从句从表面上看很像,极难分辨,但它们两者有根本的区别,具体表现在以下几个方面:
(1)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的解释说明,从句不缺成分;而定语从句是对先行词名词的限制、描绘或说明,从句缺成分。The fact that he has 9 brothers is unbelievable. (同位语从句)他有9个兄弟的事实令人难以相信。The fact that he told is interesting. (定语从句)他说的那个事实很有趣。
(2)引导词的功能不同。引导定语从句的that在从句当中可能充当主语、宾语,也可能充当表语,它一定会充当这三者中的某一个,当that作宾语的时候可以省略。The magazine (that) I lent to you is worth reading.that在该句中作宾语,可以省略。关系代词起连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。而连接同位语从句的that在从句中是不可以省略的,它没有充当任何成分,例如:The message that he has won the first place is true.
(3)引导词不同。定语从句的引导词比较固定,包括六个关系代词which,that,who,whom,whose,as,三个关系副词where,when,why,它不能用whether,what, how来引导;而同位语从句的引导词更为广阔,除了可以用定语从句的引导词还可以用what, how, whether引导,例如:I have no idea what I should buy for lunch.She has no idea whether it will rain or not tomorrow.
2.定语从句与强调句的区别
强调句的结构为It is/was+被强调部分+ that从句。被强调部分是时间、地点的情况居多,当被强调部分是人时,连接词that还可改为who代替。在强调句这一句型中,不要看到被强调部分是时间或者地点就认为是定语从句,马上想当然地用引导词 when或者where,这样就容易犯错,这点对于基础不扎实的同学尤为困难。对表示地点的先行词考查的模糊化及定语从句与强调句、名词性从句与是近年高考的考查热点。[4]
判断一个句子是否为強调句的重要方法:去掉it is(was)that(who)在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下看句子是否成立,且意思一致,如果能形成完整的句子就是强调句,例如:It was my mother who finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母亲。My mother finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母亲。能够组成完整句子说明前面一句为强调句。强调句的被强调部分如果是时间、地点,那么该时间、地点前面都有一个介词,例如:It was at 3:30 that I arrived in Fuzhou.
定语从句没有It is/was+被强调部分+ that从句这样的固定结构,而且that在从句中都有充当主语、宾语或者表语,三者必居其一。定语从句除了用关系代词that之外,还用who,whom,which,whose,when等。比较下面两句(第1句不是强调句,但第2句是强调句): It was ten o’clock when he returned home. 他回家的时候已是10点钟了。
It was at ten o’clock that he returned home. 他是10点钟回家的。
六、the way作先行词的定语从句
the way引导的定语从句是该语法难点, the way有接of的时候,也有接不定式to 的时候,另外还可以接定语从句,这一点很多同学学起来有点吃力,它可以分为以下两种情况。
1. the way在从句中充当状语,例如:The way____ the teacher explained the grammar to me was very interesting.由于the way 在从句中作状语,该空格可以填that,in which或者省略。
2.the way在从句中充当宾语,例如:The way_____ my father explained to me was very funny.由于the way在定语从句中作宾语,该空格可以省略不填,填that或which也是对的。
七、定语从句中的谓语动词
近些年谓语动词在定语从句中的单复数成为重要考点,需要格外注意,总的解题思路是谓语动词要与先行词保持一致,当先行词前面有one of 而且先行词是复数,那么谓语动词要用复数,例如:She is one of the classmates who____(have)bought a dictionary. 她是已经买了一本字典的同学之一。该句的空格应该填have。当先行词前面有the only one of 而且先行词是复数,那么谓语动词要用单数,例如:She is the only one of the classmates who____(have)bought a dictionary.她是唯一的买了一本字典的同学。该句的空格应该填has。
参考文献
[1]张泉.世纪金榜高中全程復习方略教师用书[M]延吉:延边大学出版社,2019.230:5-6.
[2]杨文彬.高中必刷题[M]北京:开明出版社,2018.69:31-32
[3]肖德好.全品高考复习方案[M]北极:北京教育出版社,2019.280:20-22
[3]楚文平.高中英语语法全解[M]郑州:郑州大学出版社2016.186:4-5
关键词:高中英语;定语从句;关系代词;介词提前
一、定语从句关系代词as和which要分清
高中生在学定语从句的时候,对于as和which的区别常常感到头疼,因此区别as和which是极为重要的。
1.名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which。例如:Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
2.as可以指代后面的整个句子,which不能,例如: As is knwn to all,failure is the mother of success.在该句中 关系代词as不能用which来代替。which如果指代前面整句话则只能放在前面这句话的后面,例如:He entered Beijing university,which is one of the best universities in China.
3.当关系代词指代前面的整个句子,又可以翻译为“正如”,要选用as不能用which。which指代前面整句的时候没有“正如”之意,例如:They won the first place, as all the students had expected.正如所有学生所预料的,他们赢得了第一名。As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.就像大家都知道的那样,他是一个二十世纪八十年代的著名电影明星。the same...as表示相似或同类的东西;the same...that表示同一人或物。[1]
二、关系代词that和which的用法有区别
1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时,或先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时关系代词只能用that,例如:He told me everything that he knew.又如All the books that you offered has been given out.如果定语从句先行词的前面有序数词ordinal number或者形容词的最高级the highest level of adjective,那么这个时候只能用关系代词that,不能有which,其目的是為了表示强调,引起注意,例如:The most colorful butterfly that I saw last year was in this mountain.另外,当定语从句的先行词前面出现像the same,the last,the very,the only, 这四个the 引导的词语,这时毫无疑问也要用关系代词that,不能用which,同样是为了表示强调、突出,例如:The very book that I want to borrow from the library has already borrowed by Sammy.
口诀记忆 :关系代词用that不用which
先行有人又有物,要用that不耽误。 (She often thinks of the villagers and farmland that you talk about.)
不定代词最可恶,要用that来督促。 (All that she said was wrong.)
序数词,最高级, 用that一定不着急。 (This is the best movie that I have ever seen.)
The same ,the very,the only用 that就是有道理。(This is the only pen that she has.)
2.在定语从句中也存在一些情况只能用关系代词which而不用关系代词that。
(1) 如果定语从句的关系代词和前面先行词之间有逗号,这时该句称之为非限制性定语从句,关系代词只能用that,不能用which,例如:I can not find the magazine, which I borrowed from the library last week.
(2)在定语从句中关系代词前面有介词,那么毫无疑义不能选用that,如果是指物并且关系代词在从句中充当主语或宾语、表语,这时关系代词一定要用which,例如:I live in the room, the windows of which face south.
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有差异
当定语从句和先行词关系十分密切,它们之间没有逗号隔开,这种定语从句就叫做限制性定语从句,如果去掉从句意思就变得不完整,此时定语从句的使用是为了让先行词表达得更明确、具体。例如:The accident happened at the time when I left.
定语从句中如果关系代词或关系副词和前面有先行词有逗号隔开,那么这种从句就叫做非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句是对先行词的解释说明,它和先行词的关系比较松散,不是十分密切。非限制性定语从句和主句之间用逗号分开, 相当于一个插入语, 不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。例如:His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.高考最常考查的非限制性定语从句引导词是 which或who. [2] 四、定语从句中介词提前要谨慎
在定语从句中,关系代词在从句中充当宾语,并且定语从句里的谓语动词是不及物动词,这时该谓语动词势必要带一个介词才能把意思表达完整。一般情况下不及物动词后面紧跟着一个介词,但在定语从句中为了使句子结构看起来是平衡的,常常会把介词放在关系代词的前面,此种情况在英语教学中称之为“介词提前”,例如:The university in which he once studied is very famous.他曾经读过的大学很出名。在这个句子中关系代词which是不可以改为 that的,另外who前面也不能放介词。介词提前有以下几种情况。
1.介词放在whose前的定语从句。这种定语从句需要弄清whose后面的名词与定语从句先行词的关系。He is the student to whose father I talked last Sunday.他就是那个上个星期日我与其父谈话的学生。要注意father和student的关系,这是该学生的父亲。whose在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用of which代替,指人时可用of whom代替。[3]
2.介词放在which,whom前的定语从句。这种定语从句出现的概率很高。例如:She lives in a village at the back of which is a mountain. 她住在后面有一座山的村子。She has many classmates,the tallest of whom is Xiaoming. 她有许多同学,其中最高的是小明。
定语从句的介词提前是为了让句子的结构更匀称,不会显得头重脚轻,但有些短语比较固定,一般不需要拆开,比如:look for,look after等,例如:This is the watch which/that I am looking for.另外需注意what不是关系代词,what在从句中指代后面作宾语或主语不指代前面的内容,如果what要指代前面所提的事物,what前面有句号。例子:I don't know what she wants to buy.She talked a lot. I don't know what she was talking about.
五、定语从句和其它从句需分清
1. 定语从句与同位语从句的差异:同位语从句与定语从句从表面上看很像,极难分辨,但它们两者有根本的区别,具体表现在以下几个方面:
(1)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的解释说明,从句不缺成分;而定语从句是对先行词名词的限制、描绘或说明,从句缺成分。The fact that he has 9 brothers is unbelievable. (同位语从句)他有9个兄弟的事实令人难以相信。The fact that he told is interesting. (定语从句)他说的那个事实很有趣。
(2)引导词的功能不同。引导定语从句的that在从句当中可能充当主语、宾语,也可能充当表语,它一定会充当这三者中的某一个,当that作宾语的时候可以省略。The magazine (that) I lent to you is worth reading.that在该句中作宾语,可以省略。关系代词起连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。而连接同位语从句的that在从句中是不可以省略的,它没有充当任何成分,例如:The message that he has won the first place is true.
(3)引导词不同。定语从句的引导词比较固定,包括六个关系代词which,that,who,whom,whose,as,三个关系副词where,when,why,它不能用whether,what, how来引导;而同位语从句的引导词更为广阔,除了可以用定语从句的引导词还可以用what, how, whether引导,例如:I have no idea what I should buy for lunch.She has no idea whether it will rain or not tomorrow.
2.定语从句与强调句的区别
强调句的结构为It is/was+被强调部分+ that从句。被强调部分是时间、地点的情况居多,当被强调部分是人时,连接词that还可改为who代替。在强调句这一句型中,不要看到被强调部分是时间或者地点就认为是定语从句,马上想当然地用引导词 when或者where,这样就容易犯错,这点对于基础不扎实的同学尤为困难。对表示地点的先行词考查的模糊化及定语从句与强调句、名词性从句与是近年高考的考查热点。[4]
判断一个句子是否为強调句的重要方法:去掉it is(was)that(who)在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下看句子是否成立,且意思一致,如果能形成完整的句子就是强调句,例如:It was my mother who finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母亲。My mother finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母亲。能够组成完整句子说明前面一句为强调句。强调句的被强调部分如果是时间、地点,那么该时间、地点前面都有一个介词,例如:It was at 3:30 that I arrived in Fuzhou.
定语从句没有It is/was+被强调部分+ that从句这样的固定结构,而且that在从句中都有充当主语、宾语或者表语,三者必居其一。定语从句除了用关系代词that之外,还用who,whom,which,whose,when等。比较下面两句(第1句不是强调句,但第2句是强调句): It was ten o’clock when he returned home. 他回家的时候已是10点钟了。
It was at ten o’clock that he returned home. 他是10点钟回家的。
六、the way作先行词的定语从句
the way引导的定语从句是该语法难点, the way有接of的时候,也有接不定式to 的时候,另外还可以接定语从句,这一点很多同学学起来有点吃力,它可以分为以下两种情况。
1. the way在从句中充当状语,例如:The way____ the teacher explained the grammar to me was very interesting.由于the way 在从句中作状语,该空格可以填that,in which或者省略。
2.the way在从句中充当宾语,例如:The way_____ my father explained to me was very funny.由于the way在定语从句中作宾语,该空格可以省略不填,填that或which也是对的。
七、定语从句中的谓语动词
近些年谓语动词在定语从句中的单复数成为重要考点,需要格外注意,总的解题思路是谓语动词要与先行词保持一致,当先行词前面有one of 而且先行词是复数,那么谓语动词要用复数,例如:She is one of the classmates who____(have)bought a dictionary. 她是已经买了一本字典的同学之一。该句的空格应该填have。当先行词前面有the only one of 而且先行词是复数,那么谓语动词要用单数,例如:She is the only one of the classmates who____(have)bought a dictionary.她是唯一的买了一本字典的同学。该句的空格应该填has。
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