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近代启蒙理性自笛卡尔开始,他以“我思故我在”拉开了主体性的序幕,之后经过康德、黑格尔的发展,最终完成了主体主义的自我完成。黑格尔哲学落下帷幕之后,无论是马克思还是其他西方现代哲学流派,都开始反叛主体形而上学的束缚。所以马克思断言:“这种形而上学将永远屈服于现在为思辨本身的活动所完善化并和人道主义相吻合的唯物主义。”①马克思在拒斥了形而上学之后,提出哲学应该关注“自己时代的现实世界”、人的生存状态,“把人们的全部注意力集中到自己身上。”②在此基础上,马克思开始思考人类社会的发展。
Beginning with Descartes’s rational enlightenment in modern times, he started the subjectivity with “I think therefore I am ”, then through the development of Kant and Hegel finally completed the self-completion of subjectivism. After the conclusion of Hegel’s philosophy, both Marx and other Western schools of modern philosophy began to rebel against the shackles of metaphysics. Therefore, Marx asserts: “This metaphysics will always succumb to the materialism that is now perfected by the activity of speculative self-discipline and coincides with humanitarianism.” ① After Marx rejected the metaphysics, it was suggested that philosophy should focus on “ The real world of the times ”, the state of human existence,“ concentrates all the people’s attention on themselves. ”2 On this basis, Marx began to think about the development of human society.