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清代前期是我国多民族统一国家进一步发展和巩固的时期。乾隆朝中叶,清王朝的疆域东北至外兴安岭,北达恰克图,西北到巴尔喀什湖和葱岭,南及南沙群岛和西沙群岛,东括台湾及其附属岛屿。在这辽阔的境域内,生活着汉、满、蒙、维、藏等五十多个民族。清王朝为维护多民族国家的统一和封建政权的巩固,采取了比较灵活的民族统治政策。其中,对西、北地区少数民族“因俗而治”,在这一政策中占重要地位。“因俗而治”政策产生的基础是什么?它包括哪些内容?怎样认识这一政策的实质?本文就以上问题略作论述。
The early Qing Dynasty was a period for the further development and consolidation of China’s multi-ethnic unity. In the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty, the boundaries of the Qing dynasty were northeast to the outer Xingan Mountains, north up to Chaktu, northwest to Lake Balkhash and Congling, south and Nansha Islands and the Xisha Islands, east of Taiwan and its affiliated islands. In this vast territory, there are more than 50 ethnic groups living in Han, Manchu, Mongolia, Victoria and Tibet. Qing Dynasty in order to safeguard the unity of the multinational countries and the consolidation of the feudal regime, adopted a more flexible policy of ethnic rule. Among them, the ethnic minorities in the western and northern regions are “governed by the vulgar” and occupy an important position in this policy. What is the basis for the policy of “rule by customs”? What is it involved in? What is the essence of this policy? This article briefly discusses the above issues.