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20世纪的语言学界出现了百家争鸣的黄金发展期。作为现代语言学开山鼻祖的索绪尔在本世纪初就提出两个重要概念——“语言”和“言语”。他认为区分语言和言语、语言的语言学和言语的语言学是语言研究第一个重要的问题,并最终确立了以语言为研究对象的语言理论。然而,巴赫金却站在哲学的高度考察语言活动,将现实生活中的话语作为研究对象确立了以“超语言学”命名的话语理论。至此,巴赫金的话语观与索绪尔的语言观发生了直接思想碰撞和深层学术对话。本文试图在阐述二者语言理论的基础上,对其加以对比分析,旨在对两位大师的不同语言哲学视角进行更深解读。
The 20th century linguistics circles have seen a golden period of contention for a hundred schools of thought. As the originator of modern linguistics, Saussure proposed two important concepts at the beginning of this century - “language” and “speech”. He believes that linguistics and linguistic linguistics, which distinguish language and speech, linguistics, are the first important issue of linguistic research and ultimately establish linguistic theories that take linguistic as the research object. However, Bakhtin stood at the height of philosophy and inspected the language activities. Taking the discourse in real life as the object of study, he established the discourse theory named after “super linguistics.” So far, there has been a direct thought collision and a deep academic dialogue between Bakhtin’s discourse view and Saussure’s linguistic view. Based on the elaboration of the two linguistic theories, this article tries to compare and analyze these two theories in order to deeply interpret the different linguistic and philosophical perspectives of the two masters.