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一、注意过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
在运用过去完成时的时候，同学们常常把过去完成时与一般过去时相混淆，也就是说，在该用过去完成时的地方用了一般过去时，而在不该用过去完成时的地方用了过去完成时。例如：
1．去年他们读完了五本英文小说。
They had finished reading five English storybooks last year．(误)
They finished reading five English storybooks last year．(正)
2．到去年年底他们村建了多少房屋?
How many houses did they build in their village by the end 0f last year?(误)
How many houses had they built in their village hy the end 0f last year?(正)
上面两句都用“了”这样的字眼表示动作完成，然而在英语表达中，句1用过去时，句2却要用过去完成时。过去完成时所表示的时间概念是“过去的过去”，即在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。过去完成时所表示的时间概念可以用下图来表示：
——★——◆———●———
更早的动作 过去某一时间 现在 将来时间
(用过去完成时)或过去某一动作
一般过去时表示“现在”以前的任何时间发生的动作或情况；过去完成时则表示过去某一时间或过去某一动作以前发生的动作或情况。
上面例句1表示“去年(1ast year)”这个过去时间内完成的动作，因此用一般过去时：例句2表示“到去年年底(the end of last year)”这个过去时间“以前”完成的动作，因此用过去完成时。如能弄清这个时间关系，就可以正确使用过去完成时。
二、注意过去完成时的用法
1．过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间常用以下几种方式：
①用bv，before等构成的短语
How many English films had you seen by the end of last month?
We had reached the station before nine o’clock．
②用when，before等引导的从句
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema．
He had already finished his homework before his mother returned．
[提个醒]如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。
When he had finished his work．he left his office．
After I had done my homework．I went to bed．
③通过上下文表示
The students started working in the fields a1 eight o’clock．The rain had stoppedand the sun was shining．
2．过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，这时往往和由for或since引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
He had worked in the faetory forfive years before he moved here．
I saw Li Ping yesterday．We had not seen each other since I left school．
三、注意不用过去完成时的三种情况
1．句中如有yesterday，last year，in 1996，three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。
2．汉语中虽然有“了”、“曾”、“过”等字眼表示动作完成，但没有说明动作是过去某一时间以前完成的，译成英语时要用一般过去时，不可用过去完成时。
3．叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事，虽然时间有先后之别，仍用一般过去时。例如：
They decided to stay there．and so they built their homes and made their farms．
四、注意几种特殊情况
1．过去完成时常和表示时间的连词(如when，after，as soon as)连用。例如：
When he had finished his homework，he went to the playground．他做完作业，就到操场上去了。
但是，如果两个动作紧接着发生，常可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
As soon as he put down his pen，he rushed out to the playground．他一放下笔，就跑到操场上去了。
2．如果宾语从句(或间接引语)中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
He told me that he was born in 1988．他告诉我他出生于1988年。
3．在宾语从句中，如有when或since引导的状语从句，在这种状语从句中常用一般过去时。例如：
I thanked her for what she had done for my father when he was ill．对她在我父亲生病期间为他所做的一切我表示感谢。
Mr．Smith told the workers that John had worked hard since he came to the factory．史密斯先生对工人们说．约翰自进厂以来一直工作得很卖力。
巩固练习
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1．They_______(1earn)about 2000 English words by the end 0f last term．
2．We_______(finish)doing our work yesterday．
3．She_______(arrive)at the village before 8 o’clock．
4．Mr.Smith_______(teach)in Europe for fifteen years before he_______(go)to Australia．
5．I_______(not return)the book to the library because I_______(not finish)reading it．
6．Where_______your brother_______(study)before he_______(go)to America?
7．She told me that she_______(ioin)the Pafly in 1996．
8．As soon as the bell_______(ring)for break，the door_______(Open)and in_______(come)Mr．Black，our English teacher．
Keys：
1．had learned；2．finished；3．had arrived；4．had taught，went；5．didn’t return，had not finished；6．had，studied，went；7．joined；8．rang，opened，came
责任编辑 张彩萍
在运用过去完成时的时候，同学们常常把过去完成时与一般过去时相混淆，也就是说，在该用过去完成时的地方用了一般过去时，而在不该用过去完成时的地方用了过去完成时。例如：
1．去年他们读完了五本英文小说。
They had finished reading five English storybooks last year．(误)
They finished reading five English storybooks last year．(正)
2．到去年年底他们村建了多少房屋?
How many houses did they build in their village by the end 0f last year?(误)
How many houses had they built in their village hy the end 0f last year?(正)
上面两句都用“了”这样的字眼表示动作完成，然而在英语表达中，句1用过去时，句2却要用过去完成时。过去完成时所表示的时间概念是“过去的过去”，即在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。过去完成时所表示的时间概念可以用下图来表示：
——★——◆———●———
更早的动作 过去某一时间 现在 将来时间
(用过去完成时)或过去某一动作
一般过去时表示“现在”以前的任何时间发生的动作或情况；过去完成时则表示过去某一时间或过去某一动作以前发生的动作或情况。
上面例句1表示“去年(1ast year)”这个过去时间内完成的动作，因此用一般过去时：例句2表示“到去年年底(the end of last year)”这个过去时间“以前”完成的动作，因此用过去完成时。如能弄清这个时间关系，就可以正确使用过去完成时。
二、注意过去完成时的用法
1．过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间常用以下几种方式：
①用bv，before等构成的短语
How many English films had you seen by the end of last month?
We had reached the station before nine o’clock．
②用when，before等引导的从句
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema．
He had already finished his homework before his mother returned．
[提个醒]如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。
When he had finished his work．he left his office．
After I had done my homework．I went to bed．
③通过上下文表示
The students started working in the fields a1 eight o’clock．The rain had stoppedand the sun was shining．
2．过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，这时往往和由for或since引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
He had worked in the faetory forfive years before he moved here．
I saw Li Ping yesterday．We had not seen each other since I left school．
三、注意不用过去完成时的三种情况
1．句中如有yesterday，last year，in 1996，three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。
2．汉语中虽然有“了”、“曾”、“过”等字眼表示动作完成，但没有说明动作是过去某一时间以前完成的，译成英语时要用一般过去时，不可用过去完成时。
3．叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事，虽然时间有先后之别，仍用一般过去时。例如：
They decided to stay there．and so they built their homes and made their farms．
四、注意几种特殊情况
1．过去完成时常和表示时间的连词(如when，after，as soon as)连用。例如：
When he had finished his homework，he went to the playground．他做完作业，就到操场上去了。
但是，如果两个动作紧接着发生，常可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
As soon as he put down his pen，he rushed out to the playground．他一放下笔，就跑到操场上去了。
2．如果宾语从句(或间接引语)中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
He told me that he was born in 1988．他告诉我他出生于1988年。
3．在宾语从句中，如有when或since引导的状语从句，在这种状语从句中常用一般过去时。例如：
I thanked her for what she had done for my father when he was ill．对她在我父亲生病期间为他所做的一切我表示感谢。
Mr．Smith told the workers that John had worked hard since he came to the factory．史密斯先生对工人们说．约翰自进厂以来一直工作得很卖力。
巩固练习
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1．They_______(1earn)about 2000 English words by the end 0f last term．
2．We_______(finish)doing our work yesterday．
3．She_______(arrive)at the village before 8 o’clock．
4．Mr.Smith_______(teach)in Europe for fifteen years before he_______(go)to Australia．
5．I_______(not return)the book to the library because I_______(not finish)reading it．
6．Where_______your brother_______(study)before he_______(go)to America?
7．She told me that she_______(ioin)the Pafly in 1996．
8．As soon as the bell_______(ring)for break，the door_______(Open)and in_______(come)Mr．Black，our English teacher．
Keys：
1．had learned；2．finished；3．had arrived；4．had taught，went；5．didn’t return，had not finished；6．had，studied，went；7．joined；8．rang，opened，came
责任编辑 张彩萍