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兴安落叶松、长白落叶松及华北落叶松是我国重要的木材树种，然而由于采用不同的性状进行分类，它们种间关系问题一直在争论着。国外研究人员如ＯｓｔｅｎｆｅｌｄａｎｄＬａｒｓｅｎ（１９３０）等认为长白落叶松和华北落叶松为兴安落叶松的２个变种，而我国科学家则把它们视为两个单独的种，并且还认为长白落叶松有３个变种存在，而华北落叶松有１个变种存在。因此用分子遗传学方法研究兴安落叶松、长白落叶松及华北落叶松３个种间遗传进化关系有着重要的实际意义，例如种间杂种优势的利用潜势预测。至今植物分类研究所采用的性状已包括有表型形态、生殖、生化、蛋白质（同功酶）到ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ的分子标记等，进行综合性状分类比较。由于这些变量所经受的环境影响和所包含的各种历史事件（如突变、选择、连锁等）不同，因此应用不同性状分类时，有可能导致不一致的结果。本文分别从形态性状，包括球果和木材解剖特征等、染色体核型分析、同功酶变异、ＲＡＰＤ分析、叶绿体ＤＮＡ的ＲＦＬＰ分析，以及叶绿体ＤＮＡ３个非编码碱基序列（１４５２ｂｐ）对这３个落叶松种的遗传进化关系进行了详细的探讨和评述。从表型和生态适应性状变异看，这３个落叶松种可以较容易的区别出来，它们有着不同的生态特?
Larix gmelinii, Larix olgensis and Larix principis-rupprechtii are important timber species in our country. However, the interspecific relationship has been debated because of their different traits. Foreign researchers such as Ostenfeld and Larsen (1930) and other think Larch and Larix principis-rupprechtii two varieties of Larix gmelinii, while our scientists treat them as two separate species, and also that there are three varieties of Larix Exists, while there is a variant of Larix principis-rupprechtii exists. Therefore, it has important practical significance to study the genetic evolution between Larix principis-rupprechtii and Larix principis-rupprechtii by molecular genetic methods, such as prediction of utilization potential of interspecific heterosis. So far, the traits used in plant taxonomy include the phenotypic, reproductive, biochemical, and protein (isozyme) to RNA and DNA molecular markers, etc., to conduct a comprehensive classification of traits. Due to the different environmental influences these variables are subjected to and the various historical events involved (eg mutation, selection, linkage, etc.), the application of different trait classification may lead to inconsistent results. In this paper, the morphological traits, including cones and wood anatomical characteristics, chromosome karyotype analysis, isozyme variation, RAPD analysis, chloroplast DNA RFLP analysis, and chloroplast DNA three non-coding base sequence (1452bp) of these three The genetic evolution of larch species were discussed in detail and commented. From the variation of phenotypic and ecological adaptive traits, the three larch species can be more easily distinguished, they have different ecotones?