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30多年来文化心理学界广泛采用个体主义-集体主义来解释文化差异,西方学者一致认为中国人是集体主义的典型(效应值最大),然而中国学者却持截然相反观点。个体主义-集体主义概念界定和测量的过于广泛和混淆、“集体”的意义指向模糊是造成中西方学者分歧的原因。厘清个体主义-集体主义概念内涵、区分关系集体和泛集体的界限、细分关系集体主义和群体集体主义是解决分歧的途径。跨文化研究者不能再一味地、笼统地认定中国人是集体主义的典型,而应更细致地挖掘跨文化研究所揭示的丰富内涵。文化间在个体主义-集体主义上的差异,会随着参照对象的不同而改变。中国人既是集体主义的(其表现形式为以关系集体主义为主、泛集体主义为辅的集体主义结合体),又是个体主义的,表现出双元文化取向。
For more than 30 years, cultural psychology widely used individualism-collectivism to explain cultural differences. Western scholars all agree that Chinese are typical of collectivism (effect value is the largest), but Chinese scholars hold the opposite viewpoints. The definition and measurement of individualism-collectivism are too broad and confusing, and the meaning of “collective” is the cause of the disagreement between Chinese and western scholars. To clarify the connotation of individualism-collectivism, to distinguish the boundaries between the relational and the pan-collective, and to classify the relational collectivism and the collectivism is the way to resolve the differences. Cross-cultural researchers can no longer blindly and generally assume that Chinese are typical of collectivism, but should excavate the rich connotations revealed by intercultural studies in more detail. Differences between cultures in individualism and collectivism may change with reference to different subjects. Chinese are both collectivistic (the manifestations of which are collectivist collectivism supplemented by collectivism and collectivism), and are also individualistic and show a dual cultural orientation.